ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2021
Combined low vitamin D and K status amplifies mortality risk: a prospective study.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- A genome- and phenome-wide association study of plasma procalcitonin concentrations in individuals of European ancestry.EBioMedicine · 2026Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial.Circulation · 2022Trial
- Review
- Vitamin K status has no influence on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover and cardiovascular markers: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Evolving our understanding of vitamin D, periostin levels and cardiovascular risk in the elderly: a cross sectional study.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Vitamin K2 Deficiency and Its Association with Coronary Artery Disease: A Case-Control Study.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Interplay-Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2.Biology · 2024Review
- Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Review
- PIVKA‑II is associated with liver function, bone metabolism, and muscle function in patients with liver disease.Biomedical reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Joint Association of Low Vitamin K1 and D Status With First Stroke in General Hypertensive Adults: Results From the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT).Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Vitamin K & D Deficiencies Are Independently Associated With COVID-19 Disease Severity.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Reply to: "six months vitamin K treatment does not affect systemic arterial calcification or bone mineral density in diabetes mellitus 2".European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Letter to the Editor regarding "Six months vitamin K treatment does not affect systemic arterial calcification or bone mineral density in diabetes mellitus 2".European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Article
- Vitamin D and Vitamin K: Synergistic Roles and Emerging Evidence for Combined Supplementation.Journal of mid-life healthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo explore the association of both plasma vitamin D and K concentrations with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular events in the general population.
methodsWe studied 4742 participants of the Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENd-Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study. At baseline, vitamin D and K status was determined by measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP), respectively. Patients were categorized into: 25(OH)D < 50 or ≥ 50 nmol/L and dp-ucMGP < 361 or ≥ 361 pmol/L with 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L and dp-ucMGP < 361 pmol/L as reference. Cause of death was coded according to International Classification of Diseases 9&10 codes from the 2001-2003 examination until date of death/event or censoring date (January 1st, 2017).
resultsMean age was 52.6 ± 11.9 years and 2513 (53%) were female. During a median of 14.2 year follow-up, 620 participants died of which 142 were due to cardiovascular causes. Combined low vitamin D and K status was present in 970 participants (20%) and was associated with a greater risk of all-cause mortality compared to high vitamin D and high vitamin K status group (n = 1424) after adjusting for potential confounders: hazard ratio 1.46 (95% confidence intervals 1.12-1.90). We observed similar trends, albeit non-significant for cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular events: 1.42 (0.79-2.55), 1.28 (0.93-1.77), respectively.
conclusionsCombined low vitamin D and K status are associated with increased all-cause mortality risk and possibly with cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events compared with adequate vitamin D and K status. Future studies should investigate the effect of combined vitamin D and K supplementation on clinical outcomes.
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