ArticlePharmaceutics2020
Progestogens Are Metabolized by the Gut Microbiota: Implications for Colonic Drug Delivery.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- DInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Unraveling the intricate link: gut microbiota and recurrent spontaneous abortion.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota in Women with Eating Disorders: A New Frontier in Pathophysiology and Treatment.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Article
- Identification of gut bacteria reductases that biotransform steroid hormones.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Causal association of the skin microbiome with human infertility: insights from a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Article
- Hormonal Environment Shapes the Oral Microbiome.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Effect of preconception antibiotics exposure on female reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Gut Bacteria Encode Reductases that Biotransform Steroid Hormones.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Progesterone in Bilosome Formulation: Fabrication, Statistical Optimization, and Pharmacokinetic Study.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2024Article
- Sex, puberty, and the gut microbiome.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2023Review
- Ileocolonic-Targeted JAK Inhibitor: A Safer and More Effective Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Simulated Colonic Fluid Replicates theInfection and immunity · 2022Article
- Machine Learning Predicts Drug Metabolism and Bioaccumulation by Intestinal Microbiota.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Progesterone Metabolism by Human and Rat Hepatic and Intestinal Tissue.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Contribution of the Gut Microbiome to Drug Disposition, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Variability.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2021Review
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Following oral administration, the bioavailability of progestogens is very low and highly variable, in part due to metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes found in the mucosa of the small intestine. Conversely, the mucosa in the colon contains much lower levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes, thus, colonic delivery of progestogens may be beneficial. Microbiota in the colon are known to metabolize a great number of drugs, therefore, it is important to understand the stability of these hormones in the presence of colonic flora before developing formulations. The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of three progestogens: progesterone, and its two synthetic analogues, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and levonorgestrel (LNG), in the presence of human colonic microbiota. Progesterone, MPA, and LNG were incubated in mixed fecal inoculum (simulated human colonic fluid) under anerobic conditions. Progesterone was completely degraded after 2 h, whereas levels of MPA and LNG were still detectable after 24 h. The half-lives of progesterone, MPA, and LNG in fecal inoculum were 28, 644, and 240 min, respectively. This study describes the kinetics of colonic microbial metabolism of these hormones for the first time. MPA and LNG show promise for delivery to the colon, potentially improving pharmacokinetics over current oral delivery methods.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.