ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2020
Epidemiology of Shigella infections and diarrhea in the first two years of life using culture-independent diagnostics in 8 low-resource settings.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06047821 (The Incidence and Burden of Shigella Diarrhea in Children Aged 6-35 Months), which is not on this map. Cited by 55 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Incidence and Burden of Shigella Diarrhea in Children Aged 6-35 Months: the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) - Shigella Burden Study
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burden ofBMJ global health · 2026Pooled it
- Childhood diarrhoea attributed to enteropathogenic bacteria in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Burden of Shigella among children with diarrhea in the Americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Consequences of Shigella infection in young children: a systematic review.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics of tebipenem pivoxil used in children suffering from shigellosis: a pilot study in Bangladesh.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Growth and Cognitive Development in Tanzanian Children are Associated with Timing of Birth in Relation to Seasonal Malnutrition.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Trial
- Fecal biomarkers to characterize intestinal inflammation among children with medically attended diarrhea across six low-resource settings: Findings from the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Burden of Shigella infection in children under five years living in a peri-urban area of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: A community-based cohort study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Machine learning-based prediction of shigellosis in children under five: development and internal validation of a prediction model.BMJ health & care informatics · 2026Article
- Effects ofmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The incidence and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella-attributable diarrhoea in young children in low-income and middle-income countries from the multicountry Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study: a prospective, facility-based hybrid surveillance study.The Lancet. Global health · 2026Article
- OptimizingJournal of clinical microbiology · 2026Observational
- Development of a NovelVaccines · 2026Article
- Anti-Shigella activity and killing kinetics of compounds from MMV Pathogen and COVID Boxes: Identifying leads against Shigellosis.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2026Article
- Article
- Birth season shapes the infant metabolome and development in Tanzania: a secondary explorative analysis of the early life interventions for childhood growth and development in Tanzania (ELICIT) trial.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Transitory impact of subclinical Shigella infections on biomarkers of environmental enteropathy in children under 2 years.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Shigellosis in an Urban Slum in Kenya: Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of the InvaplexVaccines · 2025Article
- Optimizing Vaccine Trials for Enteric Diseases: The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH)Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors at 12 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Culture-independent diagnostics have revealed a larger burden of Shigella among children in low-resource settings than previously recognized. We further characterized the epidemiology of Shigella in the first two years of life in a multisite birth cohort. We tested 41,405 diarrheal and monthly non-diarrheal stools from 1,715 children for Shigella by quantitative PCR. To assess risk factors, clinical factors related to age and culture positivity, and associations with inflammatory biomarkers, we used log-binomial regression with generalized estimating equations. The prevalence of Shigella varied from 4.9%-17.8% in non-diarrheal stools across sites, and the incidence of Shigella-attributable diarrhea was 31.8 cases (95% CI: 29.6, 34.2) per 100 child-years. The sensitivity of culture compared to qPCR was 6.6% and increased to 27.8% in Shigella-attributable dysentery. Shigella diarrhea episodes were more likely to be severe and less likely to be culture positive in younger children. Older age (RR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.70, 1.81 per 6-month increase in age), unimproved sanitation (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.29), low maternal education (<10 years, RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.26), initiating complementary foods before 3 months (RR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.20), and malnutrition (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.95 per unit increase in weight-for-age z-score) were risk factors for Shigella. There was a linear dose-response between Shigella quantity and myeloperoxidase concentrations. The burden of Shigella varied widely across sites, but uniformly increased through the second year of life and was associated with intestinal inflammation. Culture missed most clinically relevant cases of severe diarrhea and dysentery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.