ArticleJournal - American Water Works Association2017
Scale Formation Under Blended Phosphate Treatment for a Utility With Lead Pipes.
Article in Journal - American Water Works Association, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Groundwater Chemistry and Children's Blood Lead Levels: A County-Wise Analysis in the United States.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Assessing the Impacts of Lead Corrosion Control on the Microbial Ecology and Abundance of Drinking-Water-Associated Pathogens in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Distribution System.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- The Behavior of Polymeric Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System-Comparison with Other Pipe Materials.Polymers · 2023Review
- Spherulitic Lead Calcium Apatite Minerals in Lead Water Pipes Exposed to Phosphate-Dosed Tap Water.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Impacts of orthophosphate-polyphosphate blends on the dissolution and transformation of lead (II) carbonate.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Seasonal Lead Release into Drinking Water and the Effect of Aluminum.ACS ES&T water · 2022Article
- A holistic approach to lead pipe scale analysis: Importance, methodology, and limitations.AWWA water science · 2022Article
- Lead pipe and lead-tin solder scale formation and structure: A conceptual model.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- Lead service line identification: A review of strategies and approaches.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- Variability and sampling of lead (Pb) in drinking water: Assessing potential human exposure depends on the sampling protocol.Environment international · 2021Review
- Orthophosphate Interactions with Destabilized PbOEnvironmental science & technology · 2020Article
- Modeled Impacts of Drinking Water Pb Reduction Scenarios on Children's Exposures and Blood Lead Levels.Environmental science & technology · 2020Article
- Water quality-pipe deposit relationships in Midwestern lead pipes.AWWA water science · 2019Article
- POU water filters effectively reduce lead in drinking water: a demonstration field study in flint, Michigan.Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering · 2019Article
- Design and Testing of USEPA'S Flint Pipe Rig for Corrosion Control Evaluation.Journal - American Water Works Association · 2018Article
- Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints.Environmental science & technology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
US corrosion control practice often assumes that the orthophosphate component of blended phosphate corrosion inhibitors causes the formation of low-solubility lead-orthophosphate solids that control lead release into drinking water. This study identified the solids that formed on the interior surface of a lead service line and a galvanized steel pipe excavated from a system using a proprietary blended phosphate chemical. The scale was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. Instead of crystalline lead-orthophosphate solids, a porous amorphous layer rich in aluminum, calcium, phosphorus, and lead was observed at the lead pipe scale-water interface. Thus, the mechanism inhibiting lead release into the water was not a thermodynamically predictable passivating lead-orthophosphate scale, but rather an amorphous barrier deposit that was possibly vulnerable to disturbances. Galvanized pipe scales showed relatively crystalline iron and zinc compounds, with additional surface deposition of aluminum, phosphorus, calcium, and lead.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.