SynthesisInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2020
Does gender influence clinical expression and disease outcomes in COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04970719 (The Efficacy of Baricitinib Plus Remdesivir Compared to Dexamethasone Plus Remdesivir in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients With Diabetes Mellitus), which is not on this map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Efficacy of Baricitinib Plus Remdesivir Compared to Dexamethasone Plus Remdesivir in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 vaccine and the risk of flares in inflammatory arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- A composite ranking of risk factors for COVID-19 time-to-event data from a Turkish cohort.Computational biology and chemistry · 2022Pooled it
- Why do men have worse COVID-19-related outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis with sex adjusted for age.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2022Pooled it
- 12-Lipoxygenase (12-LOX) plays a key role in the hyperinflammatory response caused by SARS-CoV-2.mBio · 2026Article
- Sex and menopause-based differences in presentation of early Lyme disease: A prospective cohort study.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Intersectional inequalities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in Sweden: a retrospective population-based cohort study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- The Clinical Significance of GRP78 in COVID-19 Pneumonia Across Two Regional Cohorts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Characteristic Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors of COVID-19 Reinfection in the Indonesian Community.Yonago acta medica · 2025Article
- Weathering the Storm: How Age and Biologics Influence the COVID-19 Cytokine Surge.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pulmonary rehabilitation in follow-up and inpatient rehabilitation for Long COVID: twelve months of follow-up.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2024Observational
- Observational
- CRP/Neopterin Ratio and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Different Forms of Pneumonia: Results of a Pilot Study.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Article
- Individual differences in the long-term impact of the pandemic: moderators of COVID-related hardship, worry, and social support.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Factors associated with the worsening of COVID-19 symptoms among cohorts in community- or home-isolation care in southern Thailand.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and effects of age, sex, comorbidity, and vaccination among older individuals: A national cohort study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibodies protect against Omicron breakthrough infection.iScience · 2023Article
- Article
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- Importance of ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Kidney Cells.Biomolecules · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) was characterized at the end of 2019, and soon spread around the world, generating a pandemic. It has been suggested that men are more severely affected by the viral disease (COVID-19) than women.
objectiveThe aim of this systematic literature review (SRL) and meta-analysis was to analyse the influence of gender on COVID-19 mortality, severity, and disease outcomes. A SRL was performed in PubMed and Embase, searching terms corresponding to the 'PEO' format: population = adult patients affected with COVID-19; exposure = gender; outcome = any available clinical outcomes by gender, including mortality and disease severity. The search covered the period from January 1 to April 30, 2020. Exclusion criteria were: case reports/series, reviews, commentaries, languages other than English. Full-text, original articles were included. Data on study type, country, and patients' characteristics were extracted. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). From a total of 950 hits generated by the database search, 85 articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected.
resultsA random-effects meta-analysis was performed to compare mortality, recovery rates, and disease severity in men compared with women. The male to female ratio for cases was 1:0.9. A significant association was found between male sex and mortality (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.25-2.62), as well as a lower chance of recovery in men (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.55-0.95). Male patients were more likely to present with a severe form of COVID-19 (OR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.10-1.94).
conclusionsMales are slightly more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infection, present with a more severe disease, and have a worse prognosis. Further studies are warranted to unravel the biological mechanisms underlying these observations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.