ArticleBMC public health2020
Association of nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene practices with children's nutritional status, intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhoea in rural Nepal: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and correlates of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren aged 5 to 18 years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
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- Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) of living surroundings and school environment among adolescent high school students in Northwest Ethiopia: mixed method study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Latrine surface contamination and hygiene practices in rural Nepal: implications for diarrhoeal diseases and urinary tract infections.Journal of water and health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections in the school children of Sarlahi, Nepal.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2026Article
- Household Water and Handwashing Facilities and Early Childhood Education Participation in Nepal: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Factors Among Rural Ghanaian School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tokuroano, Krachi East Municipality.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Assessment of Undernutrition Among Under 5 Children in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Health science reports · 2026Review
- Community survey of the infection, intensity and risk factors associated with schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in south-eastern Gabon.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Disrupting the vicious cycle of malnutrition and enteropathy: advancing strategies to improve child physical and neurocognitive outcomes.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Modifiable hygiene practices and the burden of protozoal and helminthic infections among undernourished children in Taiz, Yemen: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- To work or not to work? Child stunting and maternal labour force participation in South Africa.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Household food security, food hygiene practices and their interaction on self-reported health among pregnant women in the Bono region of Ghana: a population-based cluster survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Microbial and Chemical Water Quality Assessments Across the Rural and Urban Areas of Nepal: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Water quality and child undernutrition: evidence from 29 low- and middle-income countries and territories.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2025Article
- Determinants and geographic distribution of unimproved sanitation facilities in sub-Saharan Africa, spatial and multilevel analysis using demographic and health survey (DHS) data.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The Threat of Avian Influenza in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A One Health Perspective.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Review
- Women wash practices and household diarrhea among rural indigenous Kumal community of Nepal: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Identifying the causes of adolescent malnutrition in Nuwara-Eliya District, Sri Lanka.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Predictors of household drinking water E. coli contamination: Population-based results from rural areas of Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProviding universal access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in remote Nepal remains challenging. We investigated WASH conditions and their association with children's nutritional status, intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhoea.
methodsData was collected through a cross-sectional survey of 1427 households, including questionnaires, observations, stool analysis, anthropometry, water quality measurements, and assessment of clinical signs of nutritional deficiencies.
resultsWe found 55.5% of children were undernourished, 63.9% had clinical signs of nutritional deficiencies, 51.1% had intestinal parasitic infections and 52.2% had diarrhoea. Multivariate mixed logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant negative association between undernutrition and socio-economic level, with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 0.70 (95%-CI = 0.43-1.11) and 0.43 (95%-CI = 0.25-0.75) for high and intermediate levels compared to the lowest level. Undernutrition was negatively associated with regular deworming of children (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.20-0.94), food supplements (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38-0.84), household's own food production (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.46-0.97) and personal hygiene (AOR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.51-1.35). Nutritional deficiency was negatively associated with handwashing after cleaning a baby's bottom (AOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.40-0.92) and cleanliness of caregiver's hands (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.41-0.89) and positively associated with keeping animals inside the house overnight (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.17-2.51) and the presence of total coliforms in the drinking water source (AOR = 10.44, 95% CI = 1.61-67.4). Diarrhoea was positively associated with intermittent water supply (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.18-6.31) and the presence of a mud floor (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.20-4.37) and negatively associated with cleanliness of the toilet (AOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.47-0.98), and the cleanliness of children's hands (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.40-0.96).
conclusionsOur study found, more than half of the survey children were in a critical health condition. Results suggest that child health improvements are dependent on multiple public health improvements, including providing better nutrition, promoting adequate hygiene behaviour, such as handwashing, keeping the latrines clean, keeping the household environment free from animal faeces and assuring a reliable supply of safe water.
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