Observational studyPloS one2020
Subconcussive head impact exposure between drill intensities in U.S. high school football.
Observational study in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Impact Biomechanics Reveal Positional and Session Type Differences in Canadian Collegiate Football.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- Assessing Head Acceleration Events in Female Community Rugby Union Players: A Cohort Study Using Instrumented Mouthguards.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Observational
- Effects of repetitive head impacts from a single season on the cognitive functioning of youth male soccer players.PloS one · 2025Article
- On-Field Evaluation of Mouthpiece-and-Helmet-Mounted Sensor Data from Head Kinematics in Football.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2024Article
- The Influence of Induced Head Acceleration on Lower-Extremity Biomechanics during a Cutting Task.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- When to Pull the Trigger: Conceptual Considerations for Approximating Head Acceleration Events Using Instrumented Mouthguards.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Review
- Striking Differences in Kendo Headgear.Cureus · 2024Article
- Efficacy of Guardian Cap Soft-Shell Padding on Head Impact Kinematics in American Football: Pilot Findings.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Association Between Head Impact Exposure, Psychological Needs, and Indicators of Mental Health Among U.S. High School Tackle Football Players.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Article
- Drill Intensity and Head Impact Exposure in Adolescent Football.Pediatrics · 2022Article
- Factors associated with U.S. adults' willingness to allow teenagers to play tackle football.PloS one · 2022Article
- Differences in Head Impact Exposures Between Youth Tackle and Flag Football Games and Practices: Potential Implications for Prevention Strategies.The American journal of sports medicine · 2021Article
- Observational
- Fewer US Adolescents Playing Football and Public Health: A Review of Measures to Improve Safety and an Analysis of Gaps in the Literature.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
USA Football established five levels-of-contact to guide the intensity of high school football practices. The objective of this study was to examine head impact frequency and magnitude by levels-of-contact to determine which drills had the greatest head impact exposure. Our primary hypothesis was that there would be an incremental increase in season-long head impact exposure between levels-of-contact: air<bags<control<thud<live. This observational study included 24 high-school football players during all 46 practices, 1 scrimmage, 9 junior varsity and 10 varsity games in the 2019 season. Players wore a sensor-installed mouthguard that monitored head impact frequency, peak linear acceleration (PLA), and rotational acceleration (PRA). Practice/game drills were filmed and categorized into five levels-of-contact (air, bags, control, thud, live), and head impact data were assigned into one of five levels-of-contact. Player position was categorized into lineman, hybrid, and skill. A total of 6016 head impacts were recorded during 5 levels-of-contact throughout the season. In the overall sample, total number of impacts, sum of PLA, and PRA per player increased in a near incremental manner (air<bags<control = thud<live), where live drills had significantly higher cumulative frequency (113.7±17.8 hits/player) and magnitude [2,657.6±432.0 g (PLA), and 233.9 ± 40.1 krad/s2 (PRA)] than any other levels-of-contact, whereas air drills showed the lowest cumulative frequency (7.7±1.9 hits/player) and magnitude [176.9±42.5 g (PLA), PRA 16.7±4.2 krad/s2 (PRA)]. There was no significant position group difference in cumulative head impact frequency and magnitude in a season. Although there was no difference in average head impact magnitude across five levels-of-contact and by position group PLA (18.2-23.2g) and PRA (1.6-2.3krad/s2) per impact], high magnitude (60-100g and >100g) head impacts were more frequently observed during live and thud drills. Level-of-contact influences cumulative head impact frequency and magnitude in high-school football, with players incurring frequent, high magnitude head impacts during live, thud, and control. It is important to consider level-of-contact to refine clinical exposure guidelines to minimize head impact burden in high-school football.
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