ArticleTranslational psychiatry2020
Maternal immune conditions are increased in males with autism spectrum disorders and are associated with behavioural and emotional but not cognitive co-morbidity.
Article in Translational psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prenatal exposure to asthma medications and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and educational difficulties: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The Association Between Maternal Asthma and Child Autism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of sex differences in neonatal rodent ultrasonic vocalizations and the implication for the preclinical maternal immune activation model.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal atopic conditions and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FEuropean journal of pediatrics · 2024Trial
- Understanding Sex and Gender Effects on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Placental and juvenile immune responses to maternal immune activation are differentially regulated by sex chromosomes and gonads across gestation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Microglia-Mediated Dysfunction of PKCγ Interneurons Underlies the Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Autism.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Altered phenotype and gene expression of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in children with Autism, and the relationship with comorbid gastrointestinal symptoms.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Immune profiling shows limited systemic changes in children with autism after autologous cord blood transfusion.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Altered Phenotype and Gene Expression of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Children with Autism, and the Relationship with Comorbid Gastrointestinal Symptoms.Research square · 2025Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Cerebellum, Genes, and Pathways.Neurology international · 2025Review
- The Role of Prenatal Microglial Activation and Its Sex Differences in the Development of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Experimental Models to Probiotic Application with a Special Focus onNutrients · 2025Review
- Immune Alterations in the Intrauterine Environment Shape Offspring Brain Development in a Sex-Specific Manner.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- Autism likelihood in infants born to mothers with asthma is associated with blood inflammatory gene biomarkers in pregnancy.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Animal Models of Autistic-like Behavior in Rodents: A Scoping Review and Call for a Comprehensive Scoring System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Prenatal environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder and their potential mechanisms.BMC medicine · 2024Review
- Absence of association between maternal adverse events and long-term gut microbiome outcomes in the Australian autism biobank.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Prenatal and postnatal neuroimmune interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders.Nature immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal research shows that maternal immune activation increases the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. Emerging evidence suggests that maternal immune conditions may play a role in the phenotypic expression of neurodevelopmental difficulties in children with ASD and this may be moderated by offspring sex. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal immune conditions were associated with increased severity of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with ASD. Maternal immune conditions were examined as predictors of ASD severity, behavioural and emotional well-being, and cognitive functioning in a cohort of 363 children with ASD (n = 363; 252 males, 111 females; median age 3.07 [interquartile range 2.64-3.36 years]). We also explored whether these outcomes varied between male and female children. Results showed that maternal asthma was the most common immune condition reported in mothers of children with ASD. A history of maternal immune conditions (p = 0.009) was more common in male children with ASD, compared to female children. Maternal immune conditions were associated with increased behavioural and emotional problems in male and female children. By contrast, maternal immune conditions were not associated with decreased cognitive function. The findings demonstrate that MIA may influence the expression of symptoms in children with ASD and outcomes may vary between males and females.
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Registered trials
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