Observational studyBMJ open2020
The association between cigarette smoking, cancer screening, and cancer stage: a prospective study of the women's health initiative observational cohort.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Barriers to cancer screening uptake and approaches to overcome them: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Patient Navigation on Completion of Lung Cancer Screening in Vulnerable Populations.Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN · 2024Trial
- Colorectal Cancer Screening in Black and Latino Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Associations with Modifiable Health Behaviors and Sociodemographic Factors.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Adherence to Recommended Colorectal Surveillance Intervals in Lynch Syndrome.Cancers · 2026Article
- Correlation between clinical features, medical history, and lifestyle factors with colorectal cancer stage.Future science OA · 2025Article
- Covariate selection strategies and estimands - a review of current practice of risk factor analysis from a causal perspective.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Review
- Behavioral economics, lifestyle, and health-related factors associated with participation in breast and cervical cancer screenings: A cross-sectional analysis of Japanese women.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- A Bayesian Logistic Regression Approach to Investigating the Determinants Associated with Never Having Been Screened for Cervical Cancer Amongst Child-Bearing-Age Women in Jordan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Neighborhood Factors Related to Cancer Screening in Texas: A Spatioecological Study.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of mammography uptake among the women aged 45 years and above: policy implications from the longitudinal ageing study in India wave I survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Bridging Lifestyle and Screening for Cancer Prevention: A Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer-Related Lifestyle and Screening Attitudes in Adults.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Antagonistic effects of smoking and maternal glycemia on fetal growth: a retrospective study among 13,958 pregnant French women.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- A Nationally Representative US Health and Retirement Study on Mammography Screening Use and Its Predictors Among Older Adult Women Ages 60 to 85.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2025Article
- Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy Is Less Frequent in Smokers: A French Observational Study of 15,801 Women.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Mucosal Melanoma Clinical Management and Prognostic Implications: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Cancers · 2024Article
- Inequality in uptake of bowel cancer screening by deprivation, ethnicity and smoking status: cross-sectional study in 86 850 citizens.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Temporal Evolution and Associated Factors of Adherence to Mammography Screening among Women in Spain: Results from Two National Health Surveys (2017-2020).Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Associations of socioeconomic and health factors with dental non-attendance: A comparison of three cohorts of women.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2023Article
- Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening test use in the US territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands.Cancer epidemiology · 2023Article
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biomarkers: A new paradigm in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the dose-dependent relationship between smoking history and cancer screening rates or staging of cancer diagnoses.
designProspective, population-based cohort study.
settingQuestionnaire responses from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study.
participants89 058 postmenopausal women. OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression models were used to assess the odds of obtaining breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening as stratified by smoking status. The odds of late-stage cancer diagnoses among patients with adequate vs inadequate screening as stratified by smoking status were also calculated.
resultsOf the 89 058 women who participated, 52.8% were never smokers, 40.8% were former smokers, and 6.37% were current smokers. Over an average of 8.8 years of follow-up, current smokers had lower odds of obtaining breast (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.59), cervical (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.59), and colorectal cancer (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.76) screening compared with never smokers. Former smokers were more likely than never smokers to receive regular screening services. Failure to adhere to screening guidelines resulted in diagnoses at higher cancer stages among current smokers for breast cancer (OR 2.78; 95% CI 1.64 to 4.70) and colorectal cancer (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.01 to 5.05).
conclusionsActive smoking is strongly associated with decreased use of cancer screening services and more advanced cancer stage at the time of diagnosis. Clinicians should emphasise the promotion of both smoking cessation and cancer screening for this high-risk group.
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