Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32795335›Full record

ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2020

Rural-urban differences in the mental health of perinatal women: a UK-based cross-sectional study.

Samuel Ginja, Katherine Jackson, James J Newham, Emily J Henderson, Debbie Smart, Raghu Lingam

Open access · goldAbstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.4field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Observational
  7. Observational
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Samuel GinjaSchool of Psychology, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK. s.ginja@ulster.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6229-9974
Katherine JacksonDepartment of Sociology, Durham University, 29 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, England, UK.
James J NewhamDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumberland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, England, UK.
Emily J HendersonChildren & Young People's Mental Health & Wellbeing, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7XA, England, UK.
Debbie SmartPopulation Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, England, UK.
Raghu LingamPopulation Child Health Clinical Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Rm 814, Level 8 The Bright Alliance, High St & Avoca Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
Northumbria University · GBDurham University · GBNewcastle University · GBUniversity of Ulster · GBUNSW Sydney · AU

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/K02325X/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInternational data suggest that living in a rural area is associated with an increased risk of perinatal mental illness. This study tested the association between rurality and risk for two mental illnesses prevalent in perinatal women - depression and anxiety.

methodsUsing a cross-sectional design, antenatal and postnatal women were approached by healthcare professionals and through other networks in a county in Northern England (UK). After providing informed consent, women completed a questionnaire where they indicated their postcode (used to determine rural-urban status) and completed three outcome measures: the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Whooley questions (depression measure), and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2). Logistic regression models were developed, both unadjusted and adjusted for potential confounders, including socioeconomic status, social support and perinatal stage.

resultsTwo hundred ninety-five participants provided valid data. Women in rural areas (n = 130) were mostly comparable to their urban counterparts (n = 165). Risk for depression and/or anxiety was found to be higher in the rural group across all models: unadjusted OR 1.67 (0.42) 95% CI 1.03 to 2.72, p = .038. This difference though indicative did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for socioeconomic status and perinatal stage (OR 1.57 (0.40), 95% CI 0.95 to 2.58, p = .078), and for social support (OR 1.65 (0.46), 95% CI 0.96 to 2.84, p = .070).

conclusionsData suggested that women in rural areas were at higher risk of depression and anxiety than their urban counterparts. Further work should be undertaken to corroborate these findings and investigate the underlying factors. This will help inform future interventions and the allocation of perinatal services to where they are most needed.

Indexed as

Mental HealthRural HealthUrban HealthAdultAnxietyCross-Sectional StudiesDepressionDepression, PostpartumFemaleHumansPregnancyPregnancy ComplicationsPuerperal DisordersUnited KingdomYoung AdultAntenatalMental healthPerinatalPostnatalRuralUrban

Identifiers

PMID32795335
PMCPMC7427846
OpenAlexW3049093017

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.