ReviewFrontiers in immunology
The Long Road Toward COVID-19 Herd Immunity: Vaccine Platform Technologies and Mass Immunization Strategies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 140 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 296 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its association with knowledge and attitude among patients with chronic diseases in Ethiopia.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- An updated meta-analysis of Chinese herbal medicine for the prevention of COVID-19 based on Western-Eastern medicine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom among college students during COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis.Journal of affective disorders · 2021Pooled it
- COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Dietary supplements to reduce symptom severity and duration in people with SARS-CoV-2: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2023Trial
- Enhancing COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Within Scotland Black, African, and Caribbean Communities and Lessons for Future Vaccination Programmes.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate encoding RBD chimera of Delta and Omicron variants: immunogenic potential and validation.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy of Oncovirus-Induced Cancers: A Review on the Development and Efficacy of Targeted Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- South Korea's Health Misinformation Response during COVID-19: A Narrative-Thematic Analysis.Asian bioethics review · 2025Article
- Development of a self-assembling multimeric Bann-RBD fusion protein in Pichia pastoris as a potential COVID-19 vaccine candidate.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Development of a prediction rule for incomplete vaccination among children in Indonesia.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Enhancing Relation Extraction for COVID-19 Vaccine Shot-Adverse Event Associations with Large Language Models.Research square · 2025Article
- Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in Zimbabwe: A test-negative case-control study.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Article
- Sequential Immunization with Vaccines Based on SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles Induces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Collective activities of the Thai Coordinating Unit for One Health (CUOH): Past activities and future directions.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Hematological parameters to predict post-COVID-19 immune response among vaccinated and nonvaccinated individuals: a retrospective cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Polyphenolic Nanoparticle Platforms (PARCELs) forNano letters · 2024Article
- Review
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is an urgent need for effective countermeasures against the current emergence and accelerating expansion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Induction of herd immunity by mass vaccination has been a very successful strategy for preventing the spread of many infectious diseases, hence protecting the most vulnerable population groups unable to develop immunity, for example individuals with immunodeficiencies or a weakened immune system due to underlying medical or debilitating conditions. Therefore, vaccination represents one of the most promising counter-pandemic measures to COVID-19. However, to date, no licensed vaccine exists, neither for SARS-CoV-2 nor for the closely related SARS-CoV or Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV. In addition, a few vaccine candidates have only recently entered human clinical trials, which hampers the progress in tackling COVID-19 infection. Here, we discuss potential prophylactic interventions for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the challenges existing for vaccine development, and we review pre-clinical progress and ongoing human clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Although COVID-19 vaccine development is currently accelerated via so-called fast-track programs, vaccines may not be timely available to have an impact on the first wave of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, COVID-19 vaccines will be essential in the future for reducing morbidity and mortality and inducing herd immunity, if SARS-CoV-2 becomes established in the population like for example influenza virus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.