SynthesisFrontiers in psychology2020
Meta-Analysis Reveals a Bilingual Advantage That Is Dependent on Task and Age.
Synthesis in Frontiers in psychology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does Language Distance Modulate the Contribution of Bilingualism to Cognitive Reserve in Seniors? A Systematic Review.American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementiasPooled it
- Brain-structural differences underlying dialect competence in the bilingual network.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Modulations of the P3b effect as a function of bilingual language experience.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The interactive effect of L2 proficiency and interpreting experience on cognitive control.Journal of psycholinguistic research · 2026Article
- Multilingualism educational attainment and cognitive development in UK adolescents.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Bilingualism in Context: A Bayesian Psychometric Network Analysis of Language and Culture Among U.S. Heritage Spanish-English Speakers of Latin American Descent.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Missing the Mix: Perceiving Code-Switches as a Mechanism for Bilingual Adaptation.Child development perspectives · 2026Article
- Cognitive Resilience and Vulnerability to Socioeconomic Disadvantage: Predictors Across Individual, Family, School, and Neighborhood Contexts.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Beyond the bilingualism myth: toward culturally sustaining autism interventions for multilingual families.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Bilingual effects on cognitive control: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 50 years of research.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- A Systematic Review on the Association Between Bilingualism and Theory of Mind in Adulthood.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- When Language Background Does Not Matter: Both Mono- and Bilingual Children Use Mutual Exclusivity and Pragmatic Context to Learn Novel Words.Developmental science · 2025Article
- The Association Between Multilingual Experience Factors and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults: A Lifelines Study.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Language and cognitive function in children: a narrative review of neural, behavioral, and developmental evidence.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
- The impact of bilingualism and code-switching on executive function performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Enhanced efficiency in the bilingual brain through the inter-hemispheric cortico-cerebellar pathway in early second language acquisition.Communications biology · 2024Article
- I'm One Person, I Can't Be Everywhere: Challenges and Needs of Bilingual Behavior Analysts.Behavior analysis in practice · 2024Article
- Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Bilinguals: Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Acquisition of Quantifiers.Journal of psycholinguistic research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Debate continues on whether a bilingual advantage exists with respect to executive functioning. This report synthesized the results of 170 studies to test whether the bilingual advantage is dependent on the task used to assess executive functioning and the age of the participants. The results of the meta-analyses indicated that the bilingual advantage was both task- and age-specific. Bilinguals were significantly faster than monolinguals (Hedges'
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.