ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2020
Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 794 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
794 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,324 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic cytokines drive conserved severity-associated myeloid responses across bacterial and viral infections.Communications biology · 2025Pooled it
- Levels of circulating kidney injury markers and IL-10 identify non-critically ill patients with COVID-19 at risk of death.JCI insight · 2026Trial
- Multi-omics analysis reveals COVID-19 vaccine induced attenuation of inflammatory responses during breakthrough disease.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- The CCR2 inflammatory pathway is a target for improving severe disease and pulmonary inflammation in experimental COVID-19.Virulence · 2026Article
- Monocytes in pneumonia: Functional plasticity and innate memory (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Caspase-11-mediated hyperinflammation impairs CD8+ T cell immunity and viral clearance in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Type I IFN dynamics orchestrate protective ICAM1iScience · 2026Article
- From data to discovery: a unified framework for human immunology.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Innate Immune Activation and Viral Interference During Sequential Co-Infection with Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Interpretable deep generative ensemble learning for single-cell omics with Hydra.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- RepurNet: A network medicine framework for systematic drug repurposing and disease vulnerability discovery.iScience · 2026Article
- Early immune events during SARS-CoV-2 infection impact memory T and B cell responses.Communications biology · 2026Article
- An Iron-Complement Network Model of Thromboinflammation and Humoral Immune Remodeling in Severe COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals pediatric immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- Single-cell polygenic risk scores dissect cellular and molecular heterogeneity of complex human diseases.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first trimester leads to profound immune dysregulation at the maternal-fetal interface despite limited virus detection in placental tissues.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Genome-scale DNA methylome and transcriptome profiling of midgut of Bombyx mori infected with BmCPV.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Navigating the data processing for cytometry-based single-cell proteomics.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- A systems immunology approach reveals divergent immune profiles of RSV and SARS-CoV-2 infections in infants.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Dose-dependent IFN programs in myeloid cells after mRNA and adenovirus COVID-19 vaccination.JCI insight · 2026Article
734 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
31 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global crisis, yet major knowledge gaps remain about human immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We analyzed immune responses in 76 COVID-19 patients and 69 healthy individuals from Hong Kong and Atlanta, Georgia, United States. In the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of COVID-19 patients, we observed reduced expression of human leukocyte antigen class DR (HLA-DR) and proinflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells as well as impaired mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and interferon-α (IFN-α) production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. By contrast, we detected enhanced plasma levels of inflammatory mediators-including EN-RAGE, TNFSF14, and oncostatin M-which correlated with disease severity and increased bacterial products in plasma. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed a lack of type I IFNs, reduced HLA-DR in the myeloid cells of patients with severe COVID-19, and transient expression of IFN-stimulated genes. This was consistent with bulk PBMC transcriptomics and transient, low IFN-α levels in plasma during infection. These results reveal mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.