ArticleNutrients2020
Disparities in the Healthfulness of School Food Environments and the Nutritional Quality of School Lunches.
Article in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Towards a comprehensive school food environment audit tool in Canada: a systematic review of school food environment measurements and nutrition determinants.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- "Competitive" food and beverage policies and weight status: A systematic review of the evidence among sociodemographic subgroups.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence of Healthy Eating Initiatives in Australian Primary Schools: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2026Article
- From Policy to Plate: Implications of 2025 U.S. Federal Policy Changes on School Meals.Nutrients · 2025Article
- A Narrative Review of Multifactorial Determinants of Childhood Eating Behaviors: Insights and Interventions Using the Social Ecological Model.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- "Competitive" Food and Beverage Laws and Obesity Among Diverse Youth in California High Schools.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2025Article
- National school food standards in England: a cross-sectional study to explore compliance in secondary schools and impact on pupil nutritional intake.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024Article
- Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Parental Perceptions of and Student Participation in School Meals.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Parent perceptions of school meals and how perceptions differ by race and ethnicity.Health affairs scholar · 2024Article
- Improvements in School Food Offerings over Time: Variation by School Characteristics.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Article
- Ecological study of the association between socioeconomic inequality and food deserts and swamps around schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Farm to school programs in low-income, high minority K-12 schools in New Jersey before and after implementation of the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act.Journal of hunger & environmental nutrition · 2023Article
- Advancing Health Equity Efforts to Reduce Obesity: Changing the Course.Annual review of nutrition · 2022Review
- Investigating implementation of school health policies through a health equity lens: A measures development study protocol.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
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- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA), a public law in the United States passed in 2010, sought to improve the healthfulness of the school food environment by requiring updated nutrition standards for school meals and competitive foods. Studies conducted since the passage of the HHFKA indicate improvements in the food environment overall, but few studies have examined whether these improvements varied by the socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition of students in schools. To better understand the extent of disparities in the school food environment after HHFKA, this paper examined differences in the healthfulness of school food environments and the nutritional quality of school lunches by the school poverty level and racial/ethnic composition of students using data from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study. Results from chi-square analyses showed lower proportions of high poverty, majority black, and majority Hispanic schools had access to competitive foods, while higher proportions of these schools had a school wellness policy in addition to a district wellness policy. The overall nutritional quality of school lunches, as measured by total Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 scores, did not vary significantly across school types, although some HEI component scores did. From these findings, we concluded that there were disparities in the school food environment based on the socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition of students in schools, but no significant disparities in the overall nutritional quality of school lunches were found.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.