Observational studyBMJ open2020
Racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: analysis of a COVID-19 observational registry for a diverse US metropolitan population.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04398264 (Characteristics of COVID-19 Infection Among PREGnant Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 172 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Characteristics of COVID-19 Infection Among PREGnant Women
Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 263 citations in OpenAlex.
- Individual risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during Alpha variant in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Inequality in the distribution of Covid-19 vaccine: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Update on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence: regional and worldwide.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Cardiovascular diseases burden in COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19-Related Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths : A Systematic Review.Annals of internal medicine · 2021Pooled it
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Experiences of Hispanic Safety Net Clinic Patients With Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.The science of diabetes self-management and care · 2022Trial
- Understanding and Addressing Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Black Women in Texas: Findings From a System Dynamics Group Model Building Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Obstructive sleep apnea, positive airway pressure therapy, and COVID-19 outcomes.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Article
- Adverse pregnancy outcomes as predictors of postpartum psychiatric illness: a retrospective cohort study.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Observational
- Why People Share (Or Don't): Race/Ethnicity and Contextual Correlates of Willingness to Disclose Contact Information During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural North Carolina.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Racial disparities in children tested for SARS-CoV-2 at pediatric emergency departments: A prospective cohort study.Paediatrics & child health · 2025Article
- Racial, ethnic, and neighborhood disparities in diagnosis of perinatal psychiatric illness.AJOG global reports · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Readmission Is Highest Among Refugees in Denmark.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Associations of Individual and Neighborhood Factors with Disparities in COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Viral and immune profiles during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients in Sardinia, Italy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionData on race and ethnic disparities for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are limited. We analysed sociodemographic factors associated with higher likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection and explore mediating pathways for race and ethnic disparities in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
methodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis of the COVID-19 Surveillance and Outcomes Registry, which captures data for a large healthcare system, comprising one central tertiary care hospital, seven large community hospitals and an expansive ambulatory/emergency care network in the Greater Houston area. Nasopharyngeal samples for individuals inclusive of all ages, races, ethnicities and sex were tested for SARS-CoV-2. We analysed sociodemographic (age, sex, race, ethnicity, household income, residence population density) and comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension, diabetes, obesity) factors. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to provide adjusted OR (aOR) and 95% CI for likelihood of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Structural equation modelling (SEM) framework was used to explore three mediation pathways (low income, high population density, high comorbidity burden) for the association between non-Hispanic black (NHB) race, Hispanic ethnicity and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
resultsAmong 20 228 tested individuals, 1551 (7.7%) tested positive. The overall mean (SD) age was 51.1 (19.0) years, 62% were females, 22% were black and 18% were Hispanic. NHB and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with lower socioeconomic status and higher population density residence. In the fully adjusted model, NHB (vs non-Hispanic white; aOR, 2.23, CI 1.90 to 2.60) and Hispanic ethnicity (vs non-Hispanic; aOR, 1.95, CI 1.72 to 2.20) had a higher likelihood of infection. Older individuals and males were also at higher risk of infection. The SEM framework demonstrated a significant indirect effect of NHB and Hispanic ethnicity on SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated via a pathway including residence in densely populated zip code.
conclusionsThere is strong evidence of race and ethnic disparities in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that are potentially mediated through unique social determinants of health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.