ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2020
Concurrent validity and reliability of measuring range of motion during the cervical flexion rotation test with a novel digital goniometer.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT05568173 (Comparison of the Effects of Boxing and Scapular Stabilization Training in Hemiparetic Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of the Effects of Boxing and Scapular Stabilization Training in Hemiparetic Patients
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Universal Exercise Unit Versus Functional Electrical Stimulation on Genu Recurvatum in Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Children.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2025Trial
- Effects of sustained natural apophyseal glides versus rocabado 6 × 6 program in subjects with cervicogenic headache.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Trial
- Effects of Video-Based Application Versus Visual-Text Brochure Home Exercise in Patients with Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Axonal-demyelinating differences in functional change in pediatric Charcot-Marie-Tooth and related neuropathies.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Posterior Myofascial Chain Tightness and Presence of Myofascial Trigger Points in Subjects with Cervicogenic Headache.International journal of therapeutic massage & bodywork · 2026Article
- Inter-Rater Reliability of Active Cervical Range of Motion Measured With Digital Goniometer in Asymptomatic University-Level American Football Athletes.Musculoskeletal care · 2026Article
- Acute Effects of Low-Intensity Blood-Flow-Restricted Walking on Pain Sensitivity, Joint Range of Motion, and Myofascial Stiffness in Healthy Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Table Slide Shoulder Flexion test for early assessment following proximal humeral fracture: development and reliability.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Effects of Dry Needling of the Obliquus Capitis Inferior in Patients with Cervicogenic Headache and Upper Cervical Dysfunction: An Exploratory Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Use of the Zebris Ultrasonic Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis System to Evaluate Range of Motion of the Cervical Spine in 61 Healthy Adults.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Clinical Validation and Outcome Measures From Bend Ease: A Novel, Sensor-Based Digital Measurement Tool for Assessing At-Home Morning Stiffness and Spinal Range of Motion in Axial Spondyloarthritis.Rheumatology and therapy · 2025Article
- Examination of Myofascial Stiffness and Elasticity in the Upper Trapezius Region in Patients with Unilateral Neck Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Cervical Proprioception Assessed through Targeted Head Repositioning: Validation of a Clinical Test Based on Optoelectronic Measures.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- A perspective on the use of the cervical flexion rotation test in the physical therapy management of cervicogenic headaches.Archives of physiotherapy · 2022Article
- Article
- The Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability of a Hip Rotation Range-of-Motion Measurement Using a Smartphone Application in Academy Football (Soccer) Players.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Correction to: Concurrent validity and reliability of measuring range of motion during the cervical flexion rotation test with a novel digital goniometer.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2020Article
- Upper cervical range of rotation during the flexion-rotation test is age dependent: an observational study.Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHeadache is a common and costly health problem. Although the pathogenesis of headache is heterogeneous, reported contributing factors are dysfunctions of the upper cervical spine. The flexion rotation test (FRT) is a commonly used diagnostic test to detect upper cervical movement impairment. A digital goniometer may support precise measurement of movement impairment in the upper cervical spine. However, its reliability and validity is not assessed, yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the digital goniometer compared to an ultrasound-based movement analysis system.
methodsTwo separate cross-sectional studies were conducted using the digital goniometer EasyAngle (Meloq AB, Stockholm, Sweden) for a) investigating the concurrent validity of upper cervical range of motion (ROM) during the FRT and b) determining the inter- and intra-rater reliability in the target population of patients with head and neck pain. Sixty-two participants, 39 with and 23 without head and neck pain, were recruited for the concurrent validity study. For the reliability study, a total of 50 participants were recruited. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland Altmann plots were used to assess validity and ICC values, Bland Altmann plots as well as Kappa coefficients were used for estimating intra-rater and inter-rater reliability.
resultsConcurrent validity was strong with an ICC (2,1) of 0.97 for ROM to either side (95%CI = 0.95-0.98). Bland Altman Plots revealed a mean difference between measurement systems of 0.5° for the left and 0.11° for the right side. The inter-rater ICC (2,1) was 0.66 (95%CI 0.47-0.79, p < 0.001, SEM 6.6°), indicating good reliability. The limits of agreement were between 10.25° and - 11.89°, the mean difference between both raters was - 0.82°. Intra-rater reliability for the measurement of ROM during the FRT was between 0.96 (ICC 3,1) for rater 1 and 0.94 (ICC 3,1) for rater 2.
conclusionsThe digital goniometer demonstrated strong concurrent validity and good to strong reliability and can be used in clinical practice to accurately determine movement impairment in the upper cervical spine.
trial registrationGerman Registry of Clinical Trials DRKS00013051 .
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