ReviewClinical drug investigation2020
Proton Pump Inhibitors are Risk Factors for Viral Infections: Even for COVID-19?
Review in Clinical drug investigation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proton pump inhibitor on susceptibility to COVID-19 and its severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2021Pooled it
- Risk of infection of dairy cattle in the EU with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus affecting dairy cows in the United States of America (H5N1, Eurasian lineage goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b. genotype B3.13).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use in Older Adult Patients with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Clinical Risks and Best Practices.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial and Anti-Efflux Machinery of FDA-Approved Proton Pump Inhibitors and Vitamins AgainstMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Complications of Cirrhosis Are Linked With Distinct Gut Microbial Bacteriophage and Eukaryotic Viral-Like Particle Signatures in Cirrhosis.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2024Article
- Gastroesophageal reflux in lockdown.Future science OA · 2023Article
- Identification of Risk Factors for COVID-19 Hospitalization in Patients With Anti-Rheumatic Drugs: Results From a Multicenter Nested Case Control Study.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2022Article
- Screening Large Population Health Databases for Potential Coronavirus Disease 2019 Therapeutics: A Pharmacopeia-Wide Association Study of Commonly Prescribed Medications.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- The Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Review
- Comparative risk of incidence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 among proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist short-term users: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2022Article
- Anti-infective properties of proton pump inhibitors: perspectives.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2022Article
- Gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2021Review
- Paradoxical relationship between proton pump inhibitors and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of clinical cases · 2021Article
- An Additional Perspective on Proton Pump Inhibitors as Risk Factors for COVID-19.Clinical drug investigation · 2021Article
- Article
- Reply to AlthuwaybiAmerican journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021Article
- Is SARS-CoV-2 an Etiologic Agent or Predisposing Factor for Oral Lesions in COVID-19 Patients? A Concise Review of Reported Cases in the Literature.International journal of dentistry · 2021Review
- The therapeutic importance of acid-base balance.Biochemical pharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more attention should be paid to the balance of risks and benefits associated with proton pump inhibitors for the following reasons. One of the main functions of gastric juice is to inactivate swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine. Studies have documented that proton pump inhibitors are a risk factor for rotavirus, influenza virus, norovirus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections, and are associated with an increased risk of acute gastroenteritis during periods of highest circulation of enteric viruses. In light of the evidence for gastrointestinal infection implying a fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and given the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2/coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, associated with the widespread misuse of proton pump inhibitors, this suggests that we should not rule out the hypothesis that patients treated with proton pump inhibitors may be more at risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.