ArticleJournal of the National Medical Association2021
National Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes between Black and White Americans.
Article in Journal of the National Medical Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- The racial trauma task force: Clinical-community psychology approaches to healing racial trauma during COVID-19.American journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- A Research Agenda to Mitigate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Critical Care Medicine: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Impact and resiliency of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare providers and their household members.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Application of the ADAPT-ITT Model to Develop Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Interpersonal and Racial Trauma and Racial Socialization: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- The burden of COVID-19 death for different cancer types: a large population-based study.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Use of Different Inclusion Criteria to Compare COVID-19 Hospital Admission Rates by Race and Ethnicity: A Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The complexities of 'trust' in the context of COVID-19 vaccination choices among Black women in Alameda County, CA.Critical public health · 2025Article
- Charity coverage and decreased COVID-19 mortality among uninsured patients in Texas: A retrospective cohort study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Social Disparities and Critical Illness during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.Critical care clinics · 2024Review
- The Impact of Comorbidities among Ethnic Minorities on COVID-19 Severity and Mortality in Canada and the USA: A Scoping Review.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- Exploring the COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAPs) in the Black Community: a Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Best Practices for Telehealth in Nurse-Led Care Settings-A Qualitative Study.Policy, politics & nursing practice · 2024Article
- Disparities by sex, race, and region in acute myocardial infarction-related outcomes during the early COVID-19 pandemic: the national inpatient sample analysis.American journal of cardiovascular disease · 2024Article
- Association between Racial Residential Segregation and COVID-19 Mortality.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2023Article
- Hospitalization, Critical Illness, and Mortality Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.ACR open rheumatology · 2023Article
- Humoral profiling of pediatric patients with cancer reveals robust immunity following anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination superior to natural infection.Pediatric blood & cancer · 2023Article
- Discrepancies in Outcomes by Race and Ethnicity in COVID-19 Patients Receiving Casirivimab and Imdevimab.Southern medical journal · 2023Article
- Examining the Role of Race in End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Center Observational Study.Palliative medicine reports · 2023Article
- Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers associated with reduced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections and improved outcomes, and does race matter?Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is very limited comprehensive information on disparate outcomes of black and white patients with COVID-19 infection. Reports from cities and states have suggested a discordant impact on black Americans, but no nationwide study has yet been performed. We sought to understand the differential outcomes for black and white Americans infected with COVID-19.
methodsWe obtained case-level data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on 76,442 white and 48,338 non-Hispanic Black patients diagnosed with COVID-19, ages 0 to >80+, outlining information on hospitalization, ICU admission, ventilation, and death outcomes. Multivariate Poisson regressions were used to estimate the association of race, treating white as the reference group, controlling for sex, age group, and the presence of comorbidities.
resultsBlack patients were generally younger than white, were more often female, and had larger numbers of comorbidities. Compared to white patients with COVID-19, black patients had 1.4 times the risk of hospitalization (RR 1.42, p < 0.001), and almost twice the risk of requiring ICU care (RR 1.68, p < 0.001) or ventilatory support (RR 1.81, p < 0.001) after adjusting for covariates. Black patients saw a 1.36 times increased risk of death (RR 1.36, p < 0.001) compared to white. Disparities between black and white outcomes increased with advanced age.
conclusionDespite the initial descriptions of COVID-19 being a disease that affects all individuals, regardless of station, our data demonstrate the differential racial effects in the United States. This current pandemic reinforces the need to assess the unequal effects of crises on disadvantaged populations to promote population health.
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Registered trials
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