ArticlePLoS pathogens2020
Redundant Trojan horse and endothelial-circulatory mechanisms for host-mediated spread of Candida albicans yeast.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Forward genetic screen in zebrafish identifies new fungal regulators that limit host-protectivemBio · 2025Article
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- Alternative Non-Mammalian Animal and Cellular Methods for the Study of Host-Fungal Interactions.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Hiding in the yolk: A unique feature of Legionella pneumophila infection of zebrafish.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
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- Comparative miRNA transcriptomics of macaques and mice revealsEmerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Streptococcus agalactiae cadD alleviates metal stress and promotes intracellular survival in macrophages and ascending infection during pregnancy.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Mechanisms of fungal dissemination.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The host innate immune system has developed elegant processes for the detection and clearance of invasive fungal pathogens. These strategies may also aid in the spread of pathogens in vivo, although technical limitations have previously hindered our ability to view the host innate immune and endothelial cells to probe their roles in spreading disease. Here, we have leveraged zebrafish larvae as a model to view the interactions of these host processes with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans in vivo. We examined three potential host-mediated mechanisms of fungal spread: movement inside phagocytes in a "Trojan Horse" mechanism, inflammation-assisted spread, and endothelial barrier passage. Utilizing both chemical and genetic tools, we systematically tested the loss of neutrophils and macrophages and the loss of blood flow on yeast cell spread. Both neutrophils and macrophages respond to yeast-locked and wild type C. albicans in our model and time-lapse imaging revealed that macrophages can support yeast spread in a "Trojan Horse" mechanism. Surprisingly, loss of immune cells or inflammation does not alter dissemination dynamics. On the other hand, when blood flow is blocked, yeast can cross into blood vessels but they are limited in how far they travel. Blockade of both phagocytes and circulation reduces rates of dissemination and significantly limits the distance of fungal spread from the infection site. Together, this data suggests a redundant two-step process whereby (1) yeast cross the endothelium inside phagocytes or via direct uptake, and then (2) they utilize blood flow or phagocytes to travel to distant sites.
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Registered trials
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