Observational studyJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2020
The Association Between Income and Incident Homebound Status Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries.
Observational study in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlates of Homebound Status by Rural/Urban Location, Socio-Demographic Characteristics, and Health Status.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Associations of Homebound State in Older Adults With Neighborhood Social Cohesion.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- [Current status and prospects of family financial toxicity in childhood malignancies].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Review
- Home, but Homebound After Traumatic Brain Injury: Risk Factors and Associations With Nursing Home Entry and Death.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Homebound Older Adults and Transportation Barriers to Social and Community Activities.Journal of transport & health · 2025Article
- Article
- Community Mobility Among Older Adults Who Are Socioeconomically Disadvantaged: Addressing the Poverty Penalty.Physical therapy · 2024Article
- Dysphagia in Older Adults is Associated With Food Insecurity and Being Homebound.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2023Article
- The heterogeneity of the homebound: A latent class analysis of a national sample of homebound older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2023Article
- Caring for LGBTQ+ Older Adults at Home.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
- Home, but Not Homebound: A Prospective Analysis of Persons Living With Dementia.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2022Article
- Social isolation, homebound status, and race among older adults: Findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011-2019).Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2022Article
- Measuring older people's socioeconomic position: a scoping review of studies of self-rated health, health service and social care use.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2022Article
- Prospective assessment of dementia on transitions in homeboundness using multistate Markov models.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2022Article
- Modifiable risk factors for homebound progression among those with and without dementia in a longitudinal survey of community-dwelling older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2021Article
- The dynamics of being homebound over time: A prospective study of Medicare beneficiaries, 2012-2018.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
importanceA large and growing population of older adults with multimorbidity, cognitive impairment, and functional disability live in the community, but many never or rarely leave their homes. Being homebound is associated with decreased access to medical services, poor health outcomes, and increased mortality. Yet, it is unknown what factors, in particular socioeconomic factors, are associated with new onset of homebound status.
objectiveTo evaluate the association between income and risk of becoming homebound.
designObservational cohort study using 2011 to 2018 data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older.
settingPopulation-based study in the United States.
participantsA total of 7,042 initially nonhomebound community-dwelling older adults. EXPOSURE: Total annual household income at baseline (in 2011) measured via self-report. OUTCOME: Annual measure of homebound status, defined as leaving home an average of 1 d/wk or less.
resultsOver 7 years, 15.81% of older adults in the lowest income quartile (≤$15,003) became homebound, compared with only 4.64% of those in the highest income quartile (>$60,000). In a competing risks analysis accounting for risks of death and nursing home admission, and adjusted for clinical and demographic characteristics, those in the lowest income quartile had a substantially higher subhazard of becoming homebound than those in the highest income quartile (1.65; 95% confidence interval = 1.20-2.29). Moreover, we see evidence of a gradient in risk of homebound status by income quartile. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Our work demonstrates that financial resources shape the risk of becoming homebound, which is associated with negative health consequences. In the context of existing income disparities, more support is needed to assist older adults with limited financial resources who wish to remain in the community.
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