ArticleJournal of the National Medical Association2021
Trends in Medical Expenditures by Race/Ethnicity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes 2002-2011.
Article in Journal of the National Medical Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The economic burden of Type 2 Diabetes by social determinants of health: A systematic review.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare Expenditure and Resource Utilization Among Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Observational
- Provider Network Structure and Black-to-White Disparity Gaps for Medicare Patients with Diabetes: County-Level Analysis of Cost, Utilization, and Clinical Care.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of the study was to examine racial/ethnic differences in medical expenditures (prescription, office-based, in-patient, out-patient, emergency room, total) over time, overall and by type of expenditure, in a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes.
methodsA weighted sample of 17,820,243 adults aged ≥18 with diabetes from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) dataset from 2002 to 2011 were analyzed for this study. Multiple comparison testing and general linear model (GLM) were used to test for differences in expenditures by race. Total unadjusted expenditures by racial/ethnic category stratified by different insurance categories (privately insured, publicly insured, uninsured and overall) were also estimated.
resultsNon-Hispanic Whites (NHW) had more than $4000 higher expenditures than Hispanics and Other races (p < 0.0001). Prescription costs were about $410 less for Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) (p < 0.0001), and more than $600 less for Hispanics (p < 0.0001) and Others (p < 0.0001) compared to NHW.
conclusionMinority groups with type 2 diabetes were found to have significantly less total expenditures, with the exception of total expenditures for NHB compared to NHW. These findings indicate minorities with type 2 diabetes may be receiving less care than NHW, which has implications for the known disparities in health outcomes and complications in individuals with diabetes.
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