ArticleBirth defects research2020
Update on the developmental consequences of cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation.
Article in Birth defects research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Birth, cognitive and behavioral effects of intrauterine cannabis exposure in infants and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Pooled it
- Cannabis Use During Early Pregnancy and Child Diagnoses of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2026Article
- A register-based study of long-term health and social care costs among children with prenatal alcohol exposure.PloS one · 2026Article
- Anxiety, Depression, and Emotional Dysregulation Following Prenatal Substance Exposure.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Association of preconception cannabis use frequency with cannabis use during early pregnancy.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Observational
- Cannabidiol for Orofacial and Upper-Quarter Pain: A Systematic Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Recreational drugs repurposed for medicinal use-cannabis.CNS spectrums · 2025Review
- Review
- Evaluation of the Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Use and Risk of Developmental Delay.JAACAP open · 2024Article
- Cannabis Use During Early Pregnancy Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization.JAMA health forum · 2024Article
- Fetal Cannabinoid Syndrome: Behavioral and Brain Alterations of the Offspring Exposed to Dronabinol during Gestation and Lactation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Perceptions and Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · 2024Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis: Effects on Childhood Obesity and Cardiometabolic Health.Current obesity reports · 2024Review
- A Descriptive Analysis of a Popular Pregnancy Forum: Comments on the Developmental Consequences of Cannabis Use on Offspring.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2024Review
- Associations between Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Cannabis with Cognition and Behavior at Age 5 Years: The Healthy Start Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Prenatal cannabinoid exposure: why expecting individuals should take a pregnancy pause from using cannabinoid products.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Prenatal alcohol and tetrahydrocannabinol exposure: Effects on spatial and working memory.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- In utero exposure to cannabidiol disrupts select early-life behaviors in a sex-specific manner.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- In-utero cannabis exposure and long-term psychiatric and neurodevelopmental outcomes: The limitations of existing literature and recommendations for future research.Birth defects research · 2022Review
- Cannabis and synaptic reprogramming of the developing brain.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There is a strong increase in prevalence trends for cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation as more states legalize use of this drug. Information on the teratogenic risk of cannabis is limited but some important themes can be gleaned. Studies have not found a unique phenotypic signature of prenatal exposure but an increased risk of congenital anomalies, particularly gastroschisis, has been reported. Changes in fetal growth have been described in some epidemiological studies but long-term patterns of physical growth appear unaffected. Prenatal exposure to cannabis is not generally associated with reductions in global IQ but specific cognitive skills, especially attention and memory, can be negatively impacted. Long-term impacts on psychological health include increased rates of depressive symptoms and anxiety as well as delinquency. Relatively little is known about the risk of maternal cannabis use during lactation but data suggest that infant exposure is relatively low compared to maternal exposure. As delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels increase to meet consumer demand and routes of exposure diversify, there is a strong need for prospective birth-cohort studies that collect biological samples to quantify exposure. Data from such studies will be critical to overcoming the weaknesses of past cannabis research and are essential to establishing reliable information on the risks of maternal use. Until that time, health care providers should be encouraged to talk about the risks and benefits associated with cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation with their patients, emphasizing that fetal and neonatal risks cannot be excluded at this time.
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