ArticleNature communications2020
Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals.
Article in Nature communications, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 187 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
187 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 521 citations in OpenAlex.
- First Impressions Towards Autistic People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- Disability barriers autistic girls face in secondary education: A systematic review.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Gender Dysphoria Measures in Autistic Samples.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Studies pertaining to language impairment in school-age autistic individuals underreport participant socio-demographics: A systematic review.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2023Pooled it
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability.Molecular autism · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Passing as Non-autistic in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2021Pooled it
- Socialization, Education, and Learning for the Internet (SELFI): A Pilot RCT of a Social Media Skills Group Program for Autistic Adults.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Trial
- Autistic Masking and Mental Health Outcomes in Autistic Women: A Systematic Review (2015-2025).Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Exploring the Neural Mechanisms of Acupuncture Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Protocol for a Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Multimodal Neuroimaging Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Among Youth With Autism and ADHD: A Population-Based Study From Sweden.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Off-Time Puberty in Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD: A Scoping Review of Pubertal Timing, Social Cognition, and Psychopathological Risk.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Intersections of Autism and Sexual and Gender Diversity Among Young People in New Zealand.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Article
- The neurodivergent blood donor: Fairness, discrimination, screening, and behavior.Transfusion · 2026Article
- "For Fear that They Would Turn Away from me": From Transgressing Boundaries to Sexual Abuse in Spanish Autistic Women and Non-Binary People.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- An exploratory study of preoperative psychological assessment for gender-affirming surgery: personality traits, defense mechanisms, and cultural factors in a chinese sample.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Sex Disparities in Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Adolescents in the Western Pacific Region: Insights From Epidemiological Trends and Clinical Sample.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and HIV: implications for risk, outcomes, and care for neurodivergent people.Topics in antiviral medicine · 2026Review
- The relationship between autism and gender dysphoria, and their co-occurrence with transgender identity: research conditions and implications.Postepy psychiatrii neurologii · 2026Review
- Depression in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neurobiological Convergence and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Biology · 2026Review
127 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
It is unclear whether transgender and gender-diverse individuals have elevated rates of autism diagnosis or traits related to autism compared to cisgender individuals in large non-clinic-based cohorts. To investigate this, we use five independently recruited cross-sectional datasets consisting of 641,860 individuals who completed information on gender, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses including autism, and measures of traits related to autism (self-report measures of autistic traits, empathy, systemizing, and sensory sensitivity). Compared to cisgender individuals, transgender and gender-diverse individuals have, on average, higher rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses. For both autistic and non-autistic individuals, transgender and gender-diverse individuals score, on average, higher on self-report measures of autistic traits, systemizing, and sensory sensitivity, and, on average, lower on self-report measures of empathy. The results may have clinical implications for improving access to mental health care and tailoring adequate support for transgender and gender-diverse individuals.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.