ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
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84 citing papers in PubMed, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple introductions and spread of novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses via wild birds, South Korea, 2024-2025.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Evolving dynamics of H5Nx avian influenza in China revealed by long-term wild bird surveillance.Nature communications · 2026Article
- MF59-adjuvanted A/Astrakhan influenza vaccine induces cross-neutralizing H5N1 antibodies in ferrets against circulating clade 2.3.4.4b viruses.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Diverse genomic landscape of swine influenza A virus in England (2014-2021).Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Evolution and spread of H8Nx avian influenza viruses from wild birds in East Asia, 2019-2024.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- Integrated approaches to explore temporal-spatial changes in gene reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) virus in Eurasia, 2000-2023.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020-2023.npj biodiversity · 2026Review
- A phylogenetic contribution to understanding the panzootic spread of African swine fever: from the global to the local scale.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Wild birds drive the introduction, maintenance, and spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Spain, 2021-2022.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Global dynamics of avian influenza: a twenty-year analysis of highly pathogenic viruses linking the Caspian Basin, Eurasia and Africa sectors (2005-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- A taxonomically harmonized global dataset of wild bird hosts for avian influenza virus surveillance.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza: a One Health perspective on risks, surveillance, and resilience.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- Genomic surveillance and evolution of co-circulating avian influenza H5N1 and H5N8 viruses in Egypt, 2022-2024.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Genomic and evolutionary characterization of newly emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade (2023-2025).Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Neutralizing activity against bovine H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b) in human plasma after seasonal influenza vaccination.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Temporal Dynamics and Surveillance of Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza in Wild Birds in Northern Serbia (2016-2025).Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Adenoviral-Vectored Consensus H5 Influenza A Vaccines in Mice and Swine.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Intensive transmission in wild, migratory birds drove rapid geographic dissemination and repeated spillovers of H5N1 into agriculture in North America.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Novel (d)PCR assays for influenza A(H5Nx) viruses clade 2.3.4.4b surveillance.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage can cause severe disease in poultry and wild birds, and occasionally in humans. In recent years, H5 HPAI viruses of this lineage infecting poultry in Asia have spilled over into wild birds and spread via bird migration to countries in Europe, Africa, and North America. In 2016/2017, this spillover resulted in the largest HPAI epidemic on record in Europe and was associated with an unusually high frequency of reassortments between H5 HPAI viruses and cocirculating low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Here, we show that the seven main H5 reassortant viruses had various combinations of gene segments 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. Using detailed time-resolved phylogenetic analysis, most of these gene segments likely originated from wild birds and at dates and locations that corresponded to their hosts' migratory cycles. However, some gene segments in two reassortant viruses likely originated from domestic anseriforms, either in spring 2016 in east China or in autumn 2016 in central Europe. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to domestic anseriforms in Asia, both migratory wild birds and domestic anseriforms in Europe are relevant sources of gene segments for recent reassortant H5 HPAI viruses. The ease with which these H5 HPAI viruses reassort, in combination with repeated spillovers of H5 HPAI viruses into wild birds, increases the risk of emergence of a reassortant virus that persists in wild bird populations yet remains highly pathogenic for poultry.
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