ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2020
Female reproductive factors and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a nationwide cohort study.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex hormones, the gut microbiome, and neurodegenerative diseases: Lifespan perspective.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Association of Reproductive Factors and Postmenopausal Sex Hormones With Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women With Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Advances in sex-specific single-cell transcriptomic profiling in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- The Neurology of Menopause.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Environmental determinants of Parkinson's disease and attributable burden in Latin America.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- The role of neuroactive steroids in psychiatric and neurological disorders: Neurobiology and therapeutic perspectives.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Review
- X-Chromosome Association Study in Latin American Cohorts Identifies New Loci in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2023Article
- Reproductive characteristics, use of exogenous hormones and Parkinson disease in women from the E3N study.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023Article
- The Causal Effect of Reproductive Factors on Breast Cancer: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Women's reproductive traits and cerebral small-vessel disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Review of mendelian randomization studies on age at natural menopause.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Risk factors for the development of idiopathic macular hole: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Differences in Sex-Specific Frequency of Glucocerebrosidase Variant Carriers and Familial Parkinsonism.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Article
- The risk of Parkinson's disease in women who underwent hysterectomy before the age of menopause.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2022Article
- Early menopause is associated with increased risk of retinal vascular occlusions: a nationwide cohort study.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Association between inflammatory bowel diseases and Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.Neural regeneration research · 2022Article
- State-of-the-art review of the clinical research on menopause and hormone replacement therapy association with Parkinson's disease: What meta-analysis studies cannot tell us.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Reproductive factors and cognitive impairment in natural menopausal women: A cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There are conflicting finds in the literature regarding the association of female estrogen status and the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to investigate whether female reproductive factors are associated with PD. Using the Korean National Health Insurance System database, 4,729,546 postmenopausal women without PD were identified. The new incidence of PD was defined as subjects with an ICD-10 code for PD (G20) and with a rare intractable disease registration code for PD (V124). The Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the associations of various reproductive factors with incidence of PD. During the median follow-up of 5.84 years, 20,816 individuals were diagnosed with PD. An increased risk of PD was observed in subjects with a later age at menarche (≥ 17 years) compared with reference subjects (13 years ≤ age at menarche ≤ 14 years) (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 1.10, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.05-1.16). As age at menopause increased, risk of PD decreased (P for trend 0.019). Consistently, decreased risk of PD was observed (aHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.96) in subjects with longer duration of fertility (≥ 40 years of age) compared with shorter duration of fertility (< 30 years of age). Hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives independently increased the risk of PD by 17% and 7%, respectively. Female reproductive factors are independent risk factors for PD, with higher risk associated with shorter lifetime exposure to endogenous estrogen.
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