ReviewInternational immunology2020
Overcoming immune dysfunction in the elderly: trained immunity as a novel approach.
Review in International immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age-related differences in immune responses to inactivated influenza and adjuvanted recombinant herpes zoster vaccines.JCI insight · 2026Trial
- Alendronate modulates cytokine responses in healthy young individuals after BCG vaccination.Immunology letters · 2024Trial
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy reprograms CNS immunity and alters Alzheimer's biomarkers: results from two open-label clinical trials.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Mechanisms Linking Recurrent Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections to Chronic Kidney Disease Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Necrotizing Fasciitis in Switzerland: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Based on a 12-Year Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Transient immunostimulation with LPS promotes tissue repair in aged skin.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination and the Immune-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Immunocompromised Status Definition in Observational Studies Using Electronic Health Records: A Scoping Review and a Proposal for a Phenotype Identification Algorithm.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- Immunometabolic resistors of aging in long-lived golden spiny mice.Science advances · 2026Article
- Respiratory virus immune response in the aged host.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning in immunosenescence: from biomarker discovery to clinical translation.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Immunosenescence and susceptibility to respiratory viruses: a state-of-the-art review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Article
- Lactate Secretion by Monocytes as a Determinant of Innate Immune Cell Fitness in Healthy Elderly.Aging cell · 2025Article
- Rejuvenation alleviates prolonged postsurgical pain in aging mice by mitigating inflammaging.Pain · 2025Article
- Trained immunity induced by DAMPs and LAMPs in chronic inflammatory diseases.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Review
- The Association of Periodontal Status, Salivary Flow Rate, Salivary Cortisol Levels, and Cytokine Levels with Cognitive Status in Elderly Subjects.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Roadmap for alleviating the manifestations of ageing in the cardiovascular system.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
- Trained immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
People with advanced age have a higher susceptibility to infections and exhibit increased mortality and morbidity as the ability of the immune system to combat infections decreases with age. While innate immune cells display functional defects such as decreased phagocytosis, chemotaxis and cytokine production, adaptive immune cells exhibit reduced receptor diversity, defective antibody production and a sharp decline in naive cell populations. Successful responses to vaccination in the elderly are critical to prevent common infections such as influenza and pneumonia, but vaccine efficacy decreases in older individuals compared with young adults. Trained immunity is a newly emerging concept that showed that innate immune cells possess non-specific immunological memory established through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming upon encountering certain pathogenic stimuli. Clinical studies suggest that trained immunity can be utilized to enhance immune responses against infections and improve the efficiency of vaccinations in adults; however, how trained immunity responses are shaped with advanced age is still an open question. In this review, we provide an overview of the age-related changes in the immune system with a focus on innate immunity, discuss current vaccination strategies for the elderly, present the concept of trained immunity and propose it as a novel approach to enhance responses against infections and vaccinations in the elderly population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.