ReviewClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Blastomycosis in Africa and the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review of Reported Cases and Reanalysis of Historical Isolates Based on Molecular Data.
Review in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- First Report of Fatal Disseminated Blastomyces percursus Infection in a Liver Transplant Recipient in Iran, a Non-endemic Country: A Case Report.Mycopathologia · 2026Article
- Role of Blastomyces BAD-1 IgG Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in persons residing in an endemic area.Medical mycology · 2026Article
- Article
- Mapping the Geographic Distribution of Dimorphic Mycoses Using a US Commercial Insurance Database.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Disseminated Blastomycosis Mimicking Tuberculosis, China.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Endemic Mycoses for Pulmonary Clinicians: From Nodules to ARDS.CHEST pulmonary · 2025Review
- Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Medico-Veterinary Fungal Diseases in Africa: Harnessing a Multisectoral One Health Strategy for Cost-Effective Prevention and Preparedness.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Antibody and antigen detection methods for dimorphic fungal infections.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Emerging Human Health Problems Caused by Pathogenic and Immuno-activating Fungi.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2025Review
- Comparative genome analysis and the genome-shaping role of long terminal repeat retrotransposons in the evolutionary divergence of fungal pathogens Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Article
- Perspectives on blastomycosis in Canada in the face of climate change.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2024Article
- Emerging Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System in the Past Decade: A Literature Review.Infectious disease reports · 2024Review
- Admixture in the fungal pathogen Blastomyces.Genetics · 2024Article
- Diagnosis of Human Endemic Mycoses Caused by Thermally Dimorphic Fungi: From Classical to Molecular Methods.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Systemic Mycoses by Novel Onygenalean Fungal PathogensOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Hand contamination and hand hygiene knowledge and practices among commercial transport users after the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) scare, Enugu State, Nigeria.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- The Geographic Distribution of Dimorphic Mycoses in the United States for the Modern Era.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Blastomycosis: A Review of Mycological and Clinical Aspects.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Endemic mycoses in South Africa, 2010-2020: A decade-long description of laboratory-diagnosed cases and prospects for the future.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlastomycosis has been reported from countries in Africa and the Middle East, but a decades-long debate has persisted regarding whether this is the same disease known in North America and caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii.
methodsWe reviewed published cases of human and veterinary blastomycosis from Africa and the Middle East. We abstracted epidemiological and clinical features of cases, including sites of disease, diagnosis, management, outcomes, and, where available, genetic and antigenic typing of case isolates. In addition, we sequenced nucleic acids from 9 clinical isolates from Africa deposited in global collections as B. dermatitidis; for 5, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer regions, and for the other 4 we sequenced the whole genomes.
resultsWe identified 172 unique human patients with blastomycosis, including 159 patients from 25 African countries and 12 patients from 5 Middle Eastern countries, and also identified 7 reports of veterinary blastomycosis. In humans, cutaneous disease predominated (n = 100/137, 73%), followed by pulmonary (n = 73/129, 57%) and osteoarticular involvement (n = 61/128, 48%). Unusual direct microscopy/histopathological presentations included short hyphal fragments in tissues (n = 23/129, 18%). There were 34 genotyped case isolates that comprised 4 species: Blastomyces percursus (n = 22, 65%), from 8 countries throughout all regions; Blastomyces emzantsi (n = 9, 26%), from South Africa; B. dermatitidis (n = 1, 3%), from the Democratic Republic of Congo; and B. gilchristii (n = 2, 6%), from South Africa and Zimbabwe.
conclusionsBlastomycosis occurs throughout Africa and the Middle East and is caused predominantly by B. percursus and, at least in South Africa, B. emzantsi, resulting in distinct clinical and pathological patterns of disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.