ArticleDiseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus2021
Early life factors are associated with risk for eosinophilic esophagitis diagnosed in adulthood.
Article in Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- The Immune Architecture of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, and Precision Management.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- The oesophagus as an immune organ.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Long-term health outcomes of preterm birth: a narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Amniotic fluid modifies esophageal epithelium differentiation and inflammatory responses.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2024Article
- Perinatal Environmental Risks for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cureus · 2024Review
- Epidemiologic and Clinical Clues to the Etiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis.Immunology and allergy clinics of North America · 2024Review
- Review article: Emerging insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of eosinophilic oesophagitis and other eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for a type 2 inflammatory disease.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Early life exposures as risk factors for non-esophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases.Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology · 2023Article
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis-What Do We Know So Far?Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Antibiotics in the pathogenesis of diabetes and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Review
- Food allergy: cause or consequence of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis? Potential implications of ultraprocessed foods in prevention and management.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Review
- Detergent exposure induces epithelial barrier dysfunction and eosinophilic inflammation in the esophagus.Allergy · 2023Article
- Nature with Nurture: the Role of Intrinsic Genetic and Extrinsic Environmental Factors on Eosinophilic Esophagitis.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2022Review
- Epidemiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Population-Based 5-Year Study.Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition · 2022Article
- Feeding Problems and Long-Term Outcomes in Preterm Infants-A Systematic Approach to Evaluation and Management.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Eosinophilic esophagitis-established facts and new horizons.Seminars in immunopathology · 2021Review
- Allergic Comorbidity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Mechanistic Relevance and Clinical Implications.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2019Review
- Environmental factors and eosinophilic esophagitis.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2018Review
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Early life exposures have been associated with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), but it is unknown if a similar association is present in adults. We aimed to assess the association between early life risk factors and development of EoE in adulthood. To do this, we conducted a case-control study which was nested within a prospective cohort study of adults undergoing outpatient endoscopy. Cases of EoE were diagnosed per consensus guidelines; controls did not meet these criteria. Subjects and their mothers were contacted to collect information on four key early life exposures: antibiotics taken during the first year of life, Cesarean delivery, preterm delivery (≤37 weeks' gestation), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. We calculated the odds of EoE given in each exposure and assessed agreement between subjects and their mothers. For the 40 cases and 40 controls enrolled, we observed a positive association between each of the early life exposures and development of EoE (antibiotics in infancy, OR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.63-13.2; Cesarean delivery, OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 0.75-12.6; preterm delivery, OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 0.71-12.0; NICU admission, OR = 4.00, 95% CI = 1.01-15.9). Results were unchanged after adjusting for potential confounders, though only early antibiotic use had CIs that did not cross 1.0. Moderate to strong agreement was observed between 54 subject-mother pairs (antibiotics, K = 0.44, P = 0.02; Cesarean delivery, K = 1.0, P < 0.001; preterm delivery, K = 0.80, P < 0.001; NICU, K = 0.76, P < 0.001). In sum, antibiotics in infancy was significantly associated with increased risk of EoE diagnosed in adulthood, while positive trends were seen with other early life factors such as Cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, and NICU admission. This may indicate persistent effects of early life exposures and merits additional study into conserved pathogenic mechanisms.
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