ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Molecular Heterogeneity and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioblastoma.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 238 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
238 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 335 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of immunotherapy in high-grade glioma: learning from the past to shape future perspectives.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in pediatric patients with high-grade CNS malignancies: Safety, efficacy, biomarker, and pharmacokinetics-CheckMate 908.Neuro-oncology · 2023Trial
- Magnetically actuated nanoantennas for wireless glioblastoma therapy.Science advances · 2026Article
- FAPExperimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Radiotherapy resistance in glioblastoma: Mechanistic insights and novel therapeutic approaches (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Article
- MARCKS as a mediator and target for pathological tunneling nanotubes between patient-derived glioblastoma cells and astrocytes.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Exploratory analysis of miRNAs-21, -26a, -34a, -181c, -181d, and -485-5p as potential biomarkers for tumor treating fields sensitivity in primary glioblastoma cell cultures.Brain tumor pathology · 2026Article
- CSF1R and macrophage infiltration: Integrated magnetic resonance imaging radiomics and deep learning-driven models for the preoperative assessment of glioma.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Dual regulation of metabolic reprogramming and protein competitive modifications: the core role and mechanism of MRPL36 in glioblastoma malignant progression.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- CSF1R inhibitor C19 for glioma immunotherapy enabled by brain-targeting liposomal delivery.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Targeting cytokine/chemokine signaling to convert immunologically cold tumors into hot: Emerging strategies in cancer immunotherapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Inflammasomes in glioblastoma.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Co-delivering macrophage engager mRNA and PD-L1 antibody via tumor-responsive nanoparticles for glioblastoma immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Metal-Supramolecular Drug Delivery System Empowered Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels-Bridged Intracranial-Peripheral Dual Immune Modulation for Reversing Glioblastoma Immune Suppression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- NCAPD2 Modulates MHC-I Antigen Presentation via the PI3K/AKT Axis to Drive Metastatic Progression in Gastric Cancer.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Metformin Suppresses Glioblastoma Tumor Growth and Progression Through the AMPK/FoxO3a/Survivin Axis.Cells · 2026Article
- The impact of inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway effector molecule YAP1 on in vitro glioblastoma and glioblastoma stem cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- MGMT, NUPR1, NDRG2, and GLI1 Gene Promoter Methylation in Glioblastoma Tissues and Association with Clinical Characteristics and Therapeutic Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
178 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis, despite surgical resection combined with radio- and chemotherapy. The major clinical obstacles contributing to poor GBM prognosis are late diagnosis, diffuse infiltration, pseudo-palisading necrosis, microvascular proliferation, and resistance to conventional therapy. These challenges are further compounded by extensive inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity and the dynamic plasticity of GBM cells. The complex heterogeneous nature of GBM cells is facilitated by the local inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which mostly induces tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of GBM provides multiple pathways for tumor immune evasion. Infiltrating immune cells, mostly tumor-associated macrophages, comprise much of the non-neoplastic population in GBM. Further understanding of the immune microenvironment of GBM is essential to make advances in the development of immunotherapeutics. Recently, whole-genome sequencing, epigenomics and transcriptional profiling have significantly helped improve the prognostic and therapeutic outcomes of GBM patients. Here, we discuss recent genomic advances, the role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, and the presence of an established immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that suppresses and/or prevents the anti-tumor host response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.