ReviewTobacco induced diseases2020
Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: A narrative review.
Review in Tobacco induced diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes on Epithelial-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Global determinants of breast cancer mortality: a comprehensive meta-analysis of clinical, demographic, and lifestyle risk factors.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- A comparison of the substance use related risk and protective factor profiles for American Indian and White American youth: a mixed studies review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Mortality rate and predictors of COVID-19 inpatients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic Review: Effectiveness of Carbon Dioxide Lasers for Treatment of Adult Laryngeal Hemangioma.Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-facialePooled it
- Association of substance use with outcomes in mildly ill COVID-19 outpatients.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2023Trial
- Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum with lifestyle factors and semen parameters: results from a cross-sectional study in 2668 males.Asian journal of andrology · 2026Article
- The Burden of Viral Respiratory Infections in Immunosuppressed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Key risk factors for pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a comparative study in Southwest Ethiopia.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- Temporal Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Phytochemical-Based E-Liquid Aerosols on Tracheo-Alveolar Histopathology and the IL-6/TNF-α Molecular Signaling Axis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Host, Pathogen, and Pulmonary Anatomy in Pneumonia: An Integrated Imaging and Clinical Perspective.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Acute Exposure to Combustible and Novel Tobacco Products Using an In Vitro Human Airway Organ Tissue Equivalent Model.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Article
- Antibiotic Use in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Study in Indonesia.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Twin Pregnancies After Influenza and Pertussis Vaccinations During Pregnancy: A Data Linkage Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Review
- Symbiont-mediated detoxification: Wolbachia alters the transcriptomic and metabolic landscape of Drosophila under nicotine stress.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Association of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Female Reproductive Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study on the Mediating Role of Circulating Metabolites.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking is relevant to infectious diseases resulting in increased prevalence and mortality. In this article, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of smoking in various infections and to explain the potential mechanisms. We searched PubMed and other relevant databases for scientific studies that explored the relationship between smoking and infection. The mechanisms of susceptibility to infection in smokers may include alteration of the structural, functional and immunologic host defences. Smoking is one of the main risk factors for infections in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other systems in humans, increasing the prevalence of HIV, tuberculosis, SARS-CoV, and the current SARS-CoV-2. Smoking cessation can reduce the risk of infection. Smoking increases the incidence of infections and aggravates the progress and prognosis of infectious diseases in a dose-dependent manner. Smoking cessation promotion and education are the most practical and economical preventive measures to reduce aggravation of disease infection owing to tobacco use.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.