Genotyping-free parentage assignment using RAD-seq reads.

Parentage assignment is defined as the identification of the true parents of one focal offspring among a list of candidates and has been commonly used in zoological, ecological, and agricultural studies. Although likelihood-based parentage assignment is the preferred method in most cases, it requires genotyping a predefined set of DNA markers and providing their population allele frequencies. In the present study, we proposed an alternative method of parentage assignment that does not depend on genotype data and prior information of allele frequencies. Our method employs the restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) reads for clustering into the overlapped RAD loci among the compared individuals, following which the likelihood ratio of parentage assignment could be directly calculated using two parameters-the genome heterozygosity and error rate of sequencing reads. This method was validated on one simulated and two real data sets with the accurate assignment of true parents to focal offspring. However, our method could not provide a statistical confidence to conclude that the first ranked candidate is a true parent.