SynthesisNutrients2020
Circadian Variation in Human Milk Composition, a Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 81 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Analysing Gastric Residual Volumes in Infants Fed With Breast Milk 3 Hours Prior to General Anaesthesia
Examining the Effect of Breastfeeding Education Given to Mothers Based on Postpartum Awareness Practices on Breast Milk and Cortisol Hormone at the Newborn Circadian Level
Effect of Breast Milk Circadian Properties on Infant Growth Parameters and Nutrient Absorption in Preterm Newborns
Effect of Circadian-Synchronized Breast Milk Feeding on Sleep in Preterm Infants: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Human Milk Bioactive Compounds and Psychomotor Outcomes in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Pooled it
- Human Milk Feeding in Inherited Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review of Growth, Metabolic Control, and Neurodevelopment Outcomes.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2025Pooled it
- High protein intake on later outcomes in preterm children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating the relationship between the nutrient intake of lactating women and their breast milk nutritional profile: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Human Milk Micronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Gastric Emptying and Intragastric Behavior of Breast Milk and Infant Formula in Lactating Mothers.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Article
- Comparison of methods for defatted human milk and nutrient composition: An experimental study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Article
- Human Milk as a Model for Next-Generation Infant Formula: Opportunities and Challenges.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Maternal diet and fatty acids in human milk: results of the MELK study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Informal Human Milk Sharing: The Experiences and Practices of Informal Human Milk Sharing in Ireland.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Population pharmacokinetic modelling of amoxicillin in human breast milk-A contribution from the ConcePTION project.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Effects of circadian rhythms on antimicrobial peptide concentrations in lactating goat milk.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- A One Health Decalogue for Breastfeeding: Microbiota-Targeted Strategies for Infant Gastrointestinal and Neurodevelopmental Health.Nutrients · 2026Review
- The Circadian Composition of Breast Milk: A Natural Starting Point for Chrononutrition.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Human Milk Sampling Protocols: Is the Mean Macronutrient Composition of Pre- and Post-Feed Samples the Average of One Entire Feed?Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2026Observational
- Mid-Pregnancy Maternal Anxiety Mediates the Association Between Maternal Chronotype and Breastfeeding Duration.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Concentrations of selected human milk components influence the infant oral microbiome to a greater degree than estimated intakes.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Diurnal rhythms in melatonin and cortisol in very preterm human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreastfeeding is considered the most optimal mode of feeding for neonates and mothers. Human milk changes over the course of lactation in order to perfectly suit the infant's nutritional and immunological needs. Its composition also varies throughout the day. Circadian fluctuations in some bioactive components are suggested to transfer chronobiological information from mother to child to assist the development of the biological clock. This review aims to give a complete overview of studies examining human milk components found to exhibit circadian variation in their concentration.
methodsWe included studies assessing the concentration of a specific human milk component more than once in 24 h. Study characteristics, including gestational age, lactational stage, sampling strategy, analytical method, and outcome were extracted. Methodological quality was graded using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).
resultsA total of 83 reports assessing the circadian variation in the concentration of 71 human milk components were included. Heterogeneity among studies was high. The methodological quality varied widely. Significant circadian variation is found in tryptophan, fats, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, iron, melatonin, cortisol, and cortisone. This may play a role in the child's growth and development in terms of the biological clock.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.