ArticleBMJ open2020
Efficacy of biofeedback, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and pelvic floor muscle training for female neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Article in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Promoting Restoration of Function of Co-ordinated Bladder Storage and Voiding Following Spinal Cord Injury by Combination of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation and Bladder & Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Training
A Mixed-methods Evaluation of the Clinical and Cost-effectiveness of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) on Neurogenic Overactive Bladder in Stroke
Effectiveness of Biofeedback Training in Children with Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel Disorder with Spina Bifida
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Efficiency of Rehabilitation Therapy in Patients Diagnosed with Neurogenic Bladder: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Pooled it
- Electromagnetic stimulation for overactive bladder in myelomeningocele children: randomized controlled trial.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2026Trial
- Article
- Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: Case Series.Clinical medicine & research · 2025Article
- The effect of sacral nerve root magnetic stimulation on bladder urodynamics and M3 receptor expression in rats with neurogenic bladder.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Clinical efficacy of bladder function training combined with pelvic floor biofeedback electrical stimulation on neurogenic bladder and its impact on urodynamics.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Biofeedback magnetic stimulation improves postoperative bowel dysfunction after rectal cancer surgery.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Article
- Spinal cord injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- A study of flex miniaturized coils for focal nerve magnetic stimulation.Medical physics · 2023Article
- Effects of central-peripheral FMS on urinary retention after spinal cord injury: a pilot randomized controlled trial protocol.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Research progress on the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: a narrative review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Article
- Effects of nonsurgical, minimally or noninvasive therapies for urinary incontinence due to neurogenic bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionNeurogenic bladder dysfunction is prevalent in female patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), and previous guidelines have recommended pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) for first-line conservative treatment. However, the actual regimen of PFMT varies widely and the single treatment does not satisfy the need of some patients. Therefore, this study aims to provide a detailed rationale and methodology for comparing the effectiveness of PFMT, biofeedback and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as adjunct treatments for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This trial is a single-centre randomised controlled trial for female patients with urinary incontinence (UI) in phase of chronic SCI. Eligible participants will be randomised to one of four arms: (1) PFMT, (2) PFMT with biofeedback, (3) PFMT and rTMS and (4) PFMT with biofeedback and rTMS. There will be 44 participants in each arm and all the subjects will undergo 20 treatment sessions, five times a week for 4 weeks. The outcomes will be evaluated at 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after randomisation. The primary outcome is the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, and the secondary outcomes include bladder diary, pelvic floor muscle function and the International Spinal Cord Injury Quality of Life Basic Data Set. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Clinical Research and Biomedical Ethics Committee of the West China Hospital, Sichuan University has approved this trial and the approval number is 2019-885. All participants will be provided written informed consent after verification of the eligibility criteria. The results of this study will be accessible in peer-reviewed publications and be presented at academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900026126).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.