ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2021
Expression pattern, regulation, and clinical significance of TOX in breast cancer.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antigen-specific CD8British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- High intratumoral heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma is associated with reduced immune response and survival.Translational andrology and urology · 2025Article
- CXCR4 orchestrates the TOX-programmed exhausted phenotype of CD8Cell genomics · 2024Article
- TOX: a potential new immune checkpoint in cancers by pancancer analysis.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Prognostic effect of DNA methylation ofHeliyon · 2024Article
- Microfluidics-enabled fluorinated assembly of EGCG-ligands-siTOX nanoparticles for synergetic tumor cells and exhausted t cells regulation in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- TOX regulates T lymphocytes differentiation and its function in tumor.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Effect of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulator-related immunogenes on the prognosis and immune microenvironment of breast cancer.Translational cancer research · 2022Article
- Article
- Immune Biomarkers in Blood from Sarcoma Patients: A Pilot Study.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2022Article
- Inflammatory signals are sufficient to elicit TOX expression in mouse and human CD8+ T cells.JCI insight · 2021Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals distinct cellular factors for response to immunotherapy targeting CD73 and PD-1 in colorectal cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Article
- TOX as a potential target for immunotherapy in lymphocytic malignancies.Biomarker research · 2021Review
- Increased lactate in AML blasts upregulates TOX expression, leading to exhaustion of CD8American journal of cancer research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX) is a transcription factor implicated in the regulation of T cell exhaustion during chronic infection and cancer. While TOX is being targeted for cancer immunotherapy, limited information is available about its significance in breast cancer and other solid tumors. We performed a comprehensive analysis of TOX gene expression, its epigenetic regulation, protein localization, relation to tumor infiltrating immune cell composition, and prognostic significance in breast cancer using publicly available datasets. Our results suggest an inverse correlation between TOX expression and DNA methylation in tumor cells. However, its expression is elevated in tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), which may compensates for the total TOX levels in the tumor as a whole. Furthermore, higher TOX levels in tumors are associated with T cell exhaustion signatures along with presence of active inflammatory response, including elevated levels of T cell effector cytokines. Survival analysis also confirmed that higher expression of TOX is associated with better prognosis in breast cancer. Therefore, expression of TOX may serve as a novel prognostic marker for this malignancy.
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