ArticleDiabetologia2020
Efficacy of GAD-alum immunotherapy associated with HLA-DR3-DQ2 in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes.
Article in Diabetologia, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between treatment effect on C-peptide preservation and HbA1c in meta-analysis of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-alum immunotherapy in recent-onset type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Pooled it
- Redosing with Intralymphatic GAD-Alum in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes: The DIAGNODE-B Pilot Trial.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Trial
- First-in-human, double-blind, randomized phase 1b study of peptide immunotherapy IMCY-0098 in new-onset type 1 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of immune biomarkers.BMC medicine · 2024Trial
- Intralymphatic glutamic acid decarboxylase administration in type 1 diabetes patients induced a distinctive early immune response in patients with DR3DQ2 haplotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- A randomized trial of oral gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) or the combination of GABA with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) on pancreatic islet endocrine function in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- Intralymphatic GAD-Alum (Diamyd®) Improves Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes With HLA DR3-DQ2.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Trial
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: Background, Safety and Feasibility of an Ongoing Pilot Study With Intra-Lymphatic Injections of GAD-Alum and Oral Vitamin D.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Trial
- Intralymphatic Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase With Vitamin D Supplementation in Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase IIb Trial.Diabetes care · 2021Trial
- Article
- New and emerging therapies in type 1 diabetes mellitus.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence in immunotherapy: revolutionizing diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer and autoimmune diseases.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in the Era of Disease-Modifying Immune Therapy.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus prevention: present and future.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Type 1 Diabetes: A Guide to Autoimmune Mechanisms for Clinicians.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Clinical Features and HLA Genetics Differ in Children at Type 1 Diabetes Onset by Hispanic Ethnicity.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Observational
- Leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to accelerate discovery of disease-modifying therapies in type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Disease-modifying pharmacological treatments of type 1 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms, target checkpoints, and possible combinatorial treatments.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Immunotherapies for prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Antigen-specific immunotherapies for autoimmune disease.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy-Based Strategies for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe aim of this study was to determine if retention of C-peptide following immunotherapy using recombinant GAD65 conjugated to aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) is influenced by HLA risk haplotypes DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8.
methodsHLA-dependent treatment effect of GAD-alum therapy on C-peptide retention in individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes was evaluated using individual-level patient data from three placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trials using a mixed repeated measures model.
resultsA significant and dose-dependent effect was observed in individuals positive for the genotypes that include HLA-DR3-DQ2 but not HLA-DR4-DQ8 and in the broader subgroup of individuals positive for all genotypes that include HLA-DR3-DQ2 (i.e. including those also positive for HLA-DR4-DQ8). Higher doses (three or four injections) showed a treatment effect ratio of 1.596 (95% CI 1.132, 2.249; adjusted p = 0.0035) and 1.441 (95% CI 1.188, 1.749; adjusted p = 0.0007) vs placebo for the two respective HLA subgroups. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationGAD65-specific immunotherapy has a significant effect on C-peptide retention in individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes who have the DR3-DQ2 haplotype. Graphical abstract.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.