ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2020
Migration behaviour of commercial monarchs reared outdoors and wild-derived monarchs reared indoors.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental and Genetic Conditions Shaping Monarch Butterfly Migration Biology.Animal behaviour · 2026Article
- Eastern North American Monarch Butterfly Conservation Needs and Opportunities: What the Science Tells Us.Insects · 2026Review
- Dramatic recent declines in the size of monarch butterfly (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Review
- Neural representation of goal direction in the monarch butterfly brain.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Seasonal plasticity in morphology and metabolism differs between migratory North American and resident Costa Rican monarch butterflies.Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- Lack of inbreeding avoidance during mate selection in migratory monarch butterflies.Behavioural processes · 2022Article
- The Role of Experiments in Monarch Butterfly Conservation: A Review of Recent Studies and Approaches.Annals of the Entomological Society of America · 2022Article
- Article
- Captive-reared migratory monarch butterflies show natural orientation when released in the wild.Conservation physiology · 2021Article
- Captive-reared migratory monarchs fly in the wrong direction: a critique of WilcoxConservation physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Captive rearing of monarch butterflies is a commercial and personal pursuit enjoyed by many different groups and individuals. However, the practice remains controversial, especially after new evidence showed that both a group of commercially derived monarchs reared outdoors and a group of wild-derived but indoor-reared monarchs failed to orient south, unlike wild-derived monarchs reared outdoors. To more fully characterize the mechanisms responsible for the loss of orientation in both commercial and indoor-reared monarchs, we performed flight simulator experiments to determine (i) whether any fraction of commercial monarchs maintains a southern heading over multiple tests, and (ii) whether indoor conditions with the addition of sunlight can induce southern flight in wild-derived monarchs. Commercial monarchs changed their flight direction more often over the course of multiple tests than wild-derived monarchs. While as a group the commercial monarchs did not fly south on average, a subset of individuals did orient south over multiple tests, potentially explaining the discordance between flight simulator assays and the recovery of tagged commercial monarchs at overwintering locations. We also show that even when raised indoors with sunlight, wild-derived monarchs did not consistently orient south in the flight simulator, though wild-derived monarchs reared outdoors did orient south.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.