ReviewCancers2020
MicroRNA-21-Enriched Exosomes as Epigenetic Regulators in Melanomagenesis and Melanoma Progression: The Impact of Western Lifestyle Factors.
Review in Cancers, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Vitamin D and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Epigenetics of Malignant Melanoma: Mechanisms, Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Applications.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Exosome-Mediated Rewiring of Oxidative Stress-Inflammation-ECM Remodeling Axis Mitigates UVB-Triggered Skin Photoaging.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- miRNAs bridging the gap between the tumor microenvironment and liquid biopsy in cutaneous melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Herbal medicine for melanin regulation: biological synthesis, effective formulas/compounds, and biopharmaceutical methods.Journal of natural medicines · 2026Review
- Non-coding RNA transcripts and their exosomal counterparts in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of skin cancers, with a focus on melanoma.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- The interplay between exosomal miRNAs and cytokine networks in metabolic diseases.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Interplay between NETosis and the lncRNA-microRNA regulatory axis in the immunopathogenesis of cancer.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2025Review
- Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Periprostatic Adipose Tissue as a Contributor to Prostate Cancer Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review.Cancers · 2025Review
- Non-coding RNAs as potential targets in metformin therapy for cancer.Cancer cell international · 2024Review
- MicroRNAs as Regulators of Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- A Proposed New Model to Explain the Role of Low Dose Non-DNA Targeted Radiation Exposure in Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Potential Pathogenic Impact of Cow's Milk Consumption and Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review: The Key Factors to Melanomagenesis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Peripheral Blood of Vitiligo Patients-Derived Exosomal MiR-21-5p Inhibits Melanocytes Melanogenesis via Targeting SATB1.Iranian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Review
- MicroRNA-21: A Critical Pathogenic Factor of Diabetic Nephropathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microRNA-21 (miR-21). At the epigenetic level, miR-21 inhibits key tumor suppressors of the RAS-BRAF signaling pathway enhancing proliferation and MM progression. Increased MM cell levels of miR-21 either result from endogenous upregulation of melanocytic miR-21 expression or by uptake of miR-21-enriched exogenous exosomes. Based on epidemiological data and translational evidence, this review provides deeper insights into environmentally and metabolically induced exosomal miR-21 trafficking beyond UV-irradiation in melanomagenesis and MM progression. Sources of miR-21-enriched exosomes include UV-irradiated keratinocytes, adipocyte-derived exosomes in obesity, airway epithelium-derived exosomes generated by smoking and pollution, diet-related exosomes and inflammation-induced exosomes, which may synergistically increase the exosomal miR-21 burden of the melanocyte, the transformed MM cell and its tumor environment. Several therapeutic agents that suppress MM cell growth and proliferation attenuate miR-21 expression. These include miR-21 antagonists, metformin, kinase inhibitors, beta-blockers, vitamin D, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, which may represent new options for the prevention and treatment of MM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.