ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2020
Three-Dimensional Characterization of the Normal Human Parafoveal Microvasculature Using Structural Criteria and High-Resolution Confocal Microscopy.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy (PAMM) in Ocular Vascular Diseases-What We Know and Future Perspectives.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effects of a Hyperbaric Normoxic Environment on the Retina and Choroid.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Detection of macular and peripheral ocular microvascular changes after carotid artery revascularization using widefield SS-OCTA.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Development of a novel single channel arteriole microphysiological system for characterizing leukocyte-endothelial interactions.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- A High-Fidelity Computational Model for Predicting Blood Cell Trafficking and 3D Capillary Hemodynamics in Retinal Microvascular Networks.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Interpericyte Tunneling Nanotubes Are Nonuniformly Distributed in the Human Macula.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Spectrum of retinal microvascular ischemia in patients with COVID-19 based on multimodal imaging.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Spatially resolved imaging of human macular capillaries using adaptive optics-enhanced optical coherence tomography angiography.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Retinal vasculature of different diameters and plexuses exhibit distinct vulnerability in varying severity of diabetic retinopathy.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Linking Vascular Structure and Function: Image-Based Virtual Populations of the Retina.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- A cell-and-plasma numerical model reveals hemodynamic stress and flow adaptation in zebrafish microvessels after morphological alteration.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography metrics of retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions in patients being evaluated for carotid artery stenosis and controls.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2023Article
- An assessment of microvascular hemodynamics in human macula.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Volumetric Arteriovenous Relationships in the Healthy Macula and Their Derangement in Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Mapping the human parafoveal vascular network to understand flow variability in capillaries.PloS one · 2023Article
- Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Essential Tools for Detecting Glaucoma and Disease Progression.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To use structural criteria to reconcile the three-dimensional organization and connectivity of the parafoveal microvasculature. Methods: The parafoveal microvasculature was perfused and labeled in 16 normal human donor eyes for lectin, alpha smooth muscle actin, and filamentous actin. Established structural criteria gathered using confocal microscopy, including vessel diameter, endothelial cell morphology, and presence/density of smooth muscle cells, were used to differentiate arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Three-dimensional visualization strategies were used to define the connections between retinal arteries and veins within the superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP). Results: The parafoveal microvasculature has two different inflow patterns and seven different outflow patterns. The SVP and ICP were connected to retinal arteries by arterioles. Inflow into the DCP occurred only via small arterioles (a1; mean diameter, 8.3 µm) that originated from the ICP. Direct connections between the DCP and retinal arteries were not identified. Each capillary plexus formed its own venule that drained independently or in conjunction with venules from other plexuses into a retinal vein at the level of the ganglion cell layer. For the DCP, a1 was significantly smaller than its draining venule (mean diameter, 18.8 µm; P < 0.001). Conclusions: The SVP and ICP of the parafoveal microvasculature have both in series and in parallel arterial and venous connections. Arterial supply to the DCP originates from the ICP, but with direct drainage to the retinal vein. These findings may help to develop an understanding of the pattern of retinal lesions characterizing a myriad of retinal vascular diseases.
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