Observational studyCardiovascular diabetology2020
Growth differentiation factor-15 is associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.
Observational study in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Comprehensive Approach to the Diagnosis of Leigh Syndrome Spectrum.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Guideline
- Prognostic value of growth differentiation factor-15 in patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Prognosis in Chronic Heart Failure.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Growth differentiation factor-15 and circulating biomarkers as predictors of periodontal treatment effects in patients with periodontitis: a randomized-controlled clinical trial.BMC oral health · 2023Trial
- The effect of empagliflozin on growth differentiation factor 15 in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial (Empire HF Biomarker).Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022Trial
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Prognostic Value and Barriers to Clinical Implementation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Proteomic Mediators Linking Autoimmune Diseases to Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: Insights from the UK Biobank.Proteomes · 2026Article
- Epigenetic signatures of cardiometabolic risk in men: accelerated aging and differential methylation replicated across cohorts.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as an Early Biomarker of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity Using an Integrated PK/PD Model.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Growth differentiation factor-15 improves long-term mortality risk prediction beyond the GRACE 2.0 score after acute coronary syndrome.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Potential of Metabolomic and Proteomic Biomarkers in Cardiology-A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Rapid responses of catecholamines, natriuretic peptides and inflammatory markers to acute type B aortic dissection (NeuroendOcrine horMone release in acute type b Aortic Dissection [NOMAD] Study).JVS-vascular science · 2026Article
- Development of a nomogram for predicting incident heart failure and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a 3-year follow-up study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association Between Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Coagulation Parameters in Male Chinese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-specific proteomic signatures improve cardiovascular risk prediction for the general population without cardiovascular disease or diabetes.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Proteomic predictors of mortality among people with Coronary Artery Disease.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Article
- Cardiac myosin-binding protein-C levels are associated with severity and prognosis in stable coronary artery disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Current Prognostic Biomarkers for Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of the Literature.Metabolites · 2025Review
- New Biomarkers in the Prognostic Assessment of Acute Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Beyond Natriuretic Peptides.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Health implications of racial differences in serum growth differentiation factor levels among men with obesity.Physiological reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGrowth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a marker of inflammation, oxidative stress and it is associated with adverse prognosis in cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present cohort study is to investigate the prognostic value of GDF-15 in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) during long-term follow up.
methodsA total of 3641 consecutive patients with CAD were prospectively enrolled into the study and followed up for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and all-cause death up to 5.3-7.6 years. Plasma GDF-15 was measured and clinical data and long-term events were registered. The patients were subsequently divided into three groups by the levels of GDF-15 and the prognostic value of GDF-15 level with MACEs and all-cause death was evaluated.
resultsAfter a median follow-up at 6.4 years later, 775 patients (event rate of 21%) had developed MACEs and 275 patients died (event rate of 7.55%). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the patients with GDF-15 > 1800 ng/L were significantly associated with an increased risk of MACEs and all-cause death. Cox regression analysis indicated that GDF-15 > 1800 ng/L were independently associated with the composite of MACEs (HR 1.74; 95% CI 1.44-2.02; P < 0.001) and all-cause death (HR 2.04; 95% CI 1.57-2.61; P < 0.001). For MACEs, GDF-15 significantly improved the C-statistic (area under the curve, 0.583 [95% CI 0.559-0.606] to 0.628 [0.605-0.651]; P < 0.001), net reclassification index (0.578; P = 0.031), and integrated discrimination index (0.021; P = 0.027). For all-cause death, GDF-15 significantly improved the C-statistic (0.728 [95% CI 0.694-0.761] to 0.817 [0.781-0.846]; P < 0.001), net reclassification index (0.629; P = 0.001), and integrated discrimination index (0.035; P = 0.002).
conclusionsIn the setting of CAD, GDF-15 is associated with long-term MACEs and all-cause death, and provides incremental prognostic value beyond traditional risks factors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.