Observational studyClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2021
Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.
Observational study in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 535 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
535 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,045 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Candidemia Following Severe COVID-19 in Hospitalised and Critical Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Mycoses · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of the clinical characteristics of influenza-COVID-19 co-infection.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Pooled it
- Changing Epidemiology of Severe Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Adults at a Tertiary Hospital between 2010 and 2024.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2026Article
- Postmortem analysis of secondary infections in a German cohort of patients following COVID-19 infection.Infection · 2026Article
- Increase in Healthcare-Associated Infections: Is COVID-19 Responsible? A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Oxygenation-Based Severity Stratification and a Proposed Clinical Diagnostic Workflow for Non-HIVJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Antibiotic Use, Bacterial Co-Infection, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19, Influenza, or RSV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pathogen-specific immune responses might underlie divergent outcomes of coronavirus and influenza infection in the natural porcine host.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Risk factors and outcomes of secondary co-infections in hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Malaysia: a case control study.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Male Uropathogens Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Study from Romania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Integrated assessment of total airway count and pneumonia volume on chest computed tomography as a prognostic biomarker for coronavirus disease.European radiology · 2026Article
- Viral co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized Peruvian patients during 2020-2021.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2026Article
- Incidence of nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit of Ghazi Al-Hariri teaching hospital.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Article
- Healthcare-Associated Infections in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Across Evolving Pandemic Waves: A Retrospective ICU Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2-International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- The overuse of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic: data from 25 general hospitals in Shanxi, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
475 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo describe the burden, epidemiology and outcomes of co-infections and superinfections occurring in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
methodsWe performed an observational cohort study of all consecutive patients admitted for ≥48 hours to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona for COVID-19 (28 February to 22 April 2020) who were discharged or dead. We describe demographic, epidemiologic, laboratory and microbiologic results, as well as outcome data retrieved from electronic health records.
resultsOf a total of 989 consecutive patients with COVID-19, 72 (7.2%) had 88 other microbiologically confirmed infections: 74 were bacterial, seven fungal and seven viral. Community-acquired co-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis was uncommon (31/989, 3.1%) and mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 51 hospital-acquired bacterial superinfections, mostly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, were diagnosed in 43 patients (4.7%), with a mean (SD) time from hospital admission to superinfection diagnosis of 10.6 (6.6) days. Overall mortality was 9.8% (97/989). Patients with community-acquired co-infections and hospital-acquired superinfections had worse outcomes.
conclusionsCo-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis is uncommon. Few patients developed superinfections during hospitalization. These findings are different compared to those of other viral pandemics. As it relates to hospitalized patients with COVID-19, such findings could prove essential in defining the role of empiric antimicrobial therapy or stewardship strategies.
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