ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2020
High relatedness of invasive multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella genotypes among patients and asymptomatic carriers in endemic informal settlements in Kenya.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Frequency of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Fecal Bacteria Pathogens in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, 2018 to 2020.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial resistance, equity and justice in low- and middle-income countries: an intersectional critical interpretive synthesis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Non-typhoidal Salmonella combination vaccines: clinical development plan and regulatory considerations.Vaccine · 2025Review
- Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages with lytic activity against multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella from Nairobi City county, Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Non-typhoidal Salmonella transmission reservoirs in Sub-Saharan Africa: a genomic assessment from a one health perspective.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
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- Environmental persistence of nontyphoidal Salmonella in an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.PloS one · 2025Article
- Phenotypic markers misclassify isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium as S. Typhi, but were correctly identified by whole genome sequencing during a septicemia study in western Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- High carriage and possible hidden spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella among asymptomatic workers in Yulin, China.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Shedding of nontyphoidalJournal of clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Salmonella Typhi genotypic diversity, cluster identification and antimicrobial resistance determinants in Mukuru settlement, Nairobi Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Typhoidal salmonella disease in Mukuru informal settlement, Nairobi Kenya; carriage, diversity, and antimicrobial resistant genes.PloS one · 2024Article
- A genomic appraisal of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium and associated antibiotic resistance in sub-Saharan Africa.Nature communications · 2023Review
- The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Laboratories Supporting Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease (IB-VPD) Surveillance in the World Health Organization African Region, through the Performance of Coordinated External Quality Assessment.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- A global genomic analysis of Salmonella Concord reveals lineages with high antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia.Nature communications · 2023Review
- Invasive Non-TyphoidalInfection and immunity · 2023Article
- NontyphoidalOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a major public health challenge, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In Kenya, mortality rates are high (20-25%) unless prompt treatment is instituted. The most common serotypes are Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). In a 5 year case-control study in children residing in the Mukuru informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, a total of 4201 blood cultures from suspected iNTS cases and 6326 fecal samples from age-matched controls were studied. From the laboratory cultures we obtained a total of 133 S. Typhimurium isolates of which 83(62.4%) came from cases (53 blood and 30 fecal) and 50(37.6%) from controls (fecal). A total of 120 S. Enteritidis consisted of 70(58.3%) from cases (43 blood and 27 fecal) and 50(41.7%) from controls (fecal). The S. Typhimurium population fell into two distinct ST19 lineages constituting 36.1%, as well as ST313 lineage I (27.8%) and ST313 lineage II (36.1%) isolates. The S. Enteritidis isolates fell into the global epidemic lineage (46.6%), the Central/Eastern African lineage (30.5%), a novel Kenyan-specific lineage (12.2%) and a phylogenetically outlier lineage (10.7%). Detailed phylogenetic analysis revealed a high level of relatedness between NTS from blood and stool originating from cases and controls, indicating a common source pool. Multidrug resistance was common throughout, with 8.5% of such isolates resistant to extended spectrum beta lactams. The high rate of asymptomatic carriage in the population is a concern for transmission to vulnerable individuals and this group could be targeted for vaccination if an iNTS vaccine becomes available.
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