ArticleBJPsych open2020
Stigma toward mental and physical illness: attitudes of healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public in Pakistan.
Article in BJPsych open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Use of generative AI for health among urban youth in Pakistan: A mixed-methods study.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Navigating pressure: Understanding mental health and help-seeking among female university students in Pakistan.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Family caregivers' perspectives on caring for mentally ill adult patients in tertiary hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Stigmatisation of survivors of political persecution in the GDR: attitudes of healthcare professionals.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Stigmatizing Attitudes towards Mental Illness among University Students: a Comparative Study with the General Population.Trends in psychiatry and psychotherapy · 2024Observational
- Is the long-term poor prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with mental illness mediated through their poor adherence with recommended healthcare?European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Experiences of Help-Seeking for Severe Mental Health Problems in Young Pakistani Women: A Preliminary Qualitative Study.Journal of cross-cultural psychology · 2024Article
- Emotional reactions and stigmatization after a parricide in South Tyrol, Italy, among mental health professionals and the general population, including persons with mental disorders, relatives, and persons with no direct or indirect contact.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Mental illness stigma in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional survey.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Clinicians', patients' and carers' perspectives on borderline personality disorder in Pakistan: A mixed methods study protocol.PloS one · 2023Article
- Menstruation, Myopia, and Marginalization: Advancing Menstrual Policies to "Keep Girls in School" at the Risk of Exacerbating Inequalities.Health and human rights · 2022Review
- Attitudes of the police towards individuals with a known psychiatric diagnosis.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe evidence base for stigma in mental health largely originates from high-income countries.
aimsThis study from Pakistan aimed to address the gap in literature on stigma from low- and middle-income countries.
methodThis cross-sectional study surveyed 1470 adults from Karachi, Pakistan. Participants from three groups (healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public) completed the adapted Bogardus Social Distance Scale (SDS) as a measure of stigma.
resultsAll three groups reported higher scores of stigma toward mental disorders compared with physical disorders. SDS scores for mental illness in the general public were significantly higher than in healthcare students (mean difference (MD) 6.93, 95% CI 5.45-8.45, P < 0.001) and healthcare professionals (MD 6.93, 95% CI 5.48-8.38, P < 0.001). However, SDS scores between healthcare students and healthcare professionals were not significantly different (MD 0.003, 95% CI -1.14-1.14, P > 0.99). Being female was associated with lower stigma scores and being over the age of 30 years was associated with higher stigma scores.
conclusionsStigma campaigns in Pakistan need to target the general population. However, evidence of negative attitudes toward mental illness in healthcare students and healthcare professionals supports the need for stronger emphasis on psychiatric education within undergraduate and postgraduate training in Pakistan.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.