ArticleInternational ophthalmology2020
Ocular sarcoidosis: clinical experience and recent pathogenetic and therapeutic advancements.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural and iatrogenic ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.International ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- Asthma in Patients With Confirmed Pulmonary Sarcoidosis.Canadian respiratory journal · 2026Review
- Burden of macular complications in Japanese patients aged 75 years and over with sarcoid uveitis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- A framework for exclusion of alternative diagnoses in sarcoidosis.Journal of autoimmunity · 2024Review
- Sarcoid Uveitis: An Intriguing Challenger.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- A Comprehensive Update on Retinal Vasculitis: Etiologies, Manifestations and Treatments.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Classification of Non-Infectious and/or Immune Mediated Choroiditis: A Brief Overview of the Essentials.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Uveitis as an Open Window to Systemic Inflammatory Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo describe the ocular manifestations in a cohort of patients with systemic sarcoidosis (SS). Recent advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of SS are also discussed.
methodsData from 115 Italian patients diagnosed between 2005 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All but the first 17 patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination. The diagnosis was based on clinical features, the demonstration of non-caseating granulomas in biopsies from involved organs, and multiple imaging techniques. Data on broncho-alveolar lavage fluid analysis, calcemia, calciuria, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels were retrieved when available.
resultsOcular involvement, detected in 33 patients (28.7%), was bilateral in 29 (87.9%) and the presenting feature in 13 (39.4%). Anterior uveitis was diagnosed in 12 patients (36.4%), Löfgren syndrome and uveoparotid fever in one patient each (3%), intermediate uveitis in 3 patients (9.1%), posterior uveitis in 7 (21.2%), and panuveitis in 9 (27.3%). First-line therapy consisted of corticosteroids, administered as eyedrops (10 patients), sub-Tenon's injections (1 patient), intravitreal implants (9 patients), or systemically (23 patients). Second-line therapy consisted of steroid-sparing immunosuppressants, including methotrexate (10 patients) and azathioprine (10 patients). Based on pathogenetic indications that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a central mediator of granuloma formation, adalimumab, targeting TNF-α, was employed in 6 patients as a third-line agent for severe/refractory chronic sarcoidosis.
conclusionUveitis of protean type, onset, duration, and course remains the most frequent ocular manifestation of SS. Diagnostic and therapeutic advancements have remarkably improved the overall visual prognosis. An ophthalmologist should be a constant component in the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of this often challenging but intriguing disease.
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