ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2020
Trends in the Risk of Cognitive Impairment in the United States, 1996-2014.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global Prevalence of Cognitive Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Asia-Pacific psychiatry : official journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists · 2026Pooled it
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- tDCS-enhanced cognitive training improves attention and alters connectivity in control and somatomotor networks: A triple blind study.NeuroImage · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Roles of Lcn2 and neuroinflammation in a scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment animal model: implication of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.Genes & genomics · 2026Article
- High-Impact Participation? Social Activities, Activity Frequency, and Older Adult Cognition.Journal of aging and health · 2026Article
- The association between cognitive function trajectories and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Chinese adults with cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal study from CHARLS.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Twenty-year trends in cognitive performance and modifiable dementia risk factors: a Swiss population-based study.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Impacts of systemic milieu on cerebrovascular and brain aging: insights from heterochronic parabiosis, blood exchange, and plasma transfer experiments.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Prevalence and treatment response of neuropsychiatric disorders in mast cell activation syndrome.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- The Impact of Oral Health and Dental Services on the Prevalence of Subjective Cognitive Decline Among Middle-Aged and Older US Adults: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2022.Preventing chronic disease · 2025Article
- Religiosity, Religious Beliefs, and Cognitive Impairment Among Black and White Men With Modest Incomes.Journal of aging and health · 2025Article
- Religious Involvement and Cognitive Function Among White, Black, and Hispanic Older Adults.Research on aging · 2025Article
- The influencing factors of cognitive impairment in elderly individuals in Chengdu city: a cross-sectional study based on AD8.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Addressing Practice Effects in Population-Based Studies of Trends in Late-Life Dementia and Cognitive Impairment.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- Trends in Memory Function and Memory Impairment Among Older Adults in the United States and Europe, 1996-2018.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- Racial Differences in the Association Between Loneliness and Cognitive Impairment Among Older Black and White Men.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- Dementia Care Among United States Dialysis Providers: A Mixed Methods Study Evaluating Clinician Comfort and Knowledge.Kidney medicine · 2024Article
- Associations between circadian alignment and cognitive functioning in a nationally representative sample of older adults.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Abstract
backgroundAccumulating evidence suggests risk of cognitive impairment is declining in high-income countries. Much of this research uses longitudinal surveys in which learning over repeated tests may bias results. We analyze trends in cognitive impairment in the United States, accounting for prior test experience and selective mortality.
methodsWe use the Health and Retirement Study, a population-based, nationally representative panel dataset and include individuals ages 50 years and older in 1996-2014 (n = 32,784). We measure cognitive impairment and dementia using standard cutpoints of the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. We estimate logistic regression models for any impairment and dementia over time, adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, comparing models with and without adjustment for practice effects and education. We examine heterogeneity in trends by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education.
resultsModels not controlling for test experience suggest that risk of cognitive impairment and dementia decreased over the study period. Controlling for test experience reverses the trend. In our primary models, prevalence of any cognitive impairment increased for women from 18.7% to 21.2% (annual change 0.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1%, 1.3%) and for men from 17.6% to 21.0% (annual change 1.0%, CI, 0.5%, 1.4%). For dementia, women's annual increase was 1.7% (CI, 0.8%, 2.6%) and men's 2.0% (CI, 1.0%, 2.9%). If not for education, the increase would have been stronger. Increased risk was particularly rapid for Latinas, the least educated, and older ages.
conclusionsRisk of cognitive impairment increased from 1996 to 2014. Uncovering determinants of increasing cognitive impairment risk should become a research priority. See video abstract: http://links.lww.com/EDE/B702.
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