ArticleChild development2020
Explaining Individual Differences in Trajectories of Simultaneous Bilingual Development: Contributions of Child and Environmental Factors.
Article in Child development, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early experience is not enough: Evidence from differences between heritage and host language trajectories.Developmental psychology · 2026Article
- To Mask or Not to Mask? Young Dual Language Learners' Mask Use Knowledge, Behavior, and Language Learning Outcomes.NABE journal of research and practice · 2025Article
- Child-level factors associated with Spanish-English bilingual toddlers' productive vocabulary growth.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
- Effects of English versus Spanish language exposure on basic multisensory attention skills across 3 to 36 months of age.Developmental psychology · 2023Article
- Commonalities, differences, and differences that matter between monolingual and bilingual development.Journal of child language · 2023Article
- The Impact of Birth Order on Language Development in Autistic Children from Simplex Families.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Article
- Predictors of language proficiency in school-age Spanish-English bilingual children with and without developmental language disorder.Bilingualism (Cambridge, England) · 2022Article
- Majority language skill, not measures of bilingualism, predicts executive attention in bilingual children.Journal of experimental child psychology · 2022Article
- Within- and Cross-Language Relations Between Phonological Memory, Vocabulary, and Grammar in Bilingual Children.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2021Article
- The integrative model of family stress underlying Spanish and English vocabulary development in Mexican American children: Unique effects of financial and sociocultural hardships.Developmental psychology · 2021Article
- Profiles of Minority-Majority Language Proficiency in 5-Year-Olds.Child development · 2021Article
- Why bilingual development is not easy.Advances in child development and behavior · 2021Article
- A multidimensional approach to Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers' narrative skills.Infancia y aprendizaje · 2021Article
- The contribution of the amount of linguistic exposure to bilingual language development: Longitudinal evidence from preschool years.Child developmentArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Effects of child and environmental factors in moderating the course of bilingual development were investigated using longitudinal data, from age 2.5 to 5 years, on 126 U.S.-born children with early exposure to Spanish and English. Multilevel models of Spanish and English expressive vocabulary identified children's phonological memory ability as a significant predictor of both outcomes, while also replicating the effect of the relative amount of language exposure. In addition, nonverbal IQ was a significant predictor of English vocabulary; birth order and maternal education in Spanish were significant predictors of Spanish vocabulary. These findings expand our understanding of the sources of the wide heterogeneity in bilingual development and of the requirements that language acquisition makes of learners and their environments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.