ArticlePharmaceutical research2020
Solvent-Assisted Secondary Drying of Spray-Dried Polymers.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of Different Amino Acids on the Aerosolization, Stability and Cytotoxicity of Spray-Dried Cannabidiol Dry Powder for Inhalation.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersion: A review of manufacturing strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of this work is to introduce solvent-assisted secondary drying, a method used to accelerate the residual solvent removal from spray dried materials. Spray-drying is used to manufacture amorphous solid dispersions, which enhance the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with low aqueous solubility. In the spray-drying process, API and excipients are co-dissolved in a volatile organic solvent, atomized into droplets through a nozzle, and introduced to a drying chamber containing heated nitrogen gas. The product dries rapidly to form a powder, but small amounts of residual solvent (typically, 1 to 10 wt%) remain in the product and must be removed in a secondary-drying process. For some spray-dried materials, secondary drying by traditional techniques can take days and requires balancing stability risks with process time.
methodsSpray-dried polymers were secondary dried, comparing the results for three state-of-the-art methods that employed a jacketed, agitated-vessel dryer: (1) vacuum-only drying, (2) water-assisted drying, or (3) methanol-assisted drying. Samples of material were pulled at various time points and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and Karl Fischer (KF) titration to track the drying process.
resultsModel systems were chosen for which secondary drying is slow. For all cases studied, methanol-assisted drying outperformed the vacuum-only and water-assisted drying methods.
conclusionsThe observation that methanol-assisted drying is more effective than the other drying techniques is consistent with the free-volume theory of solvent diffusion in polymers.
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Registered trials
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