Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32737138›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2020

Factors Contributing to the Rising National Cost of Glucose-Lowering Medicines for Diabetes During 2005-2007 and 2015-2017.

Xilin Zhou, Sundar S Shrestha, Hui Shao, Ping Zhang

Abstract readHistorical Article
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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  13. Outcomes and Attributes Patients Value When Choosing Glucose-Lowering Medications: A Mixed-Methods Study.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Xilin ZhouDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA kqt5@cdc.gov.ORCID 0000-0003-3131-5948
Sundar S ShresthaDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.ORCID 0000-0001-6984-3522
Hui ShaoDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.ORCID 0000-0002-4088-546X
Ping ZhangDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.ORCID 0000-0001-8429-6301

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe examined changes in glucose-lowering medication spending and quantified the magnitude of factors that are contributing to these changes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsUsing the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we estimated the change in spending on glucose-lowering medications during 2005-2007 and 2015-2017 among adults aged ≥18 years with diabetes. We decomposed the increase in total spending by medication groups: for insulin, by human and analog; and for noninsulin, by metformin, older, newer, and combination medications. For each group, we quantified the contributions by the number of users and cost-per-user. Costs were in 2017 U.S. dollars.

resultsNational spending on glucose-lowering medications increased by $40.6 billion (240%), of which insulin and noninsulin medications contributed $28.6 billion (169%) and $12.0 billion (71%), respectively. For insulin, the increase was mainly associated with higher expenditures from analogs (156%). For noninsulin, the increase was a net effect of higher cost for newer medications (+88%) and decreased cost for older medications (-34%). Most of the increase in insulin spending came from the increase in cost-per-user. However, the increase in the number of users contributed more than cost-per-user in the rise of most noninsulin groups.

conclusionsThe increase in national spending on glucose-lowering medications during the past decade was mostly associated with the increased costs for insulin, analogs in particular, and newer noninsulin medicines, and cost-per-user had a larger effect than the number of users. Understanding the factors contributing to the increase helps identify ways to curb the growth in costs.

Indexed as

Costs and Cost AnalysisDiabetes MellitusDrug CostsHealth ExpendituresHistory, 20th CenturyHistory, 21st CenturyHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInsurance CoverageSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesHypoglycemic Agents

Identifiers

PMID32737138
PMCPMC7510041

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.