ArticleNucleic acids research2020
Evolutionary and functional classification of the CARF domain superfamily, key sensors in prokaryotic antivirus defense.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cyclic tri-adenylate controls a CARF-TM effector in type II Panoptes anti-phage systems.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Prokaryotic Schlafen proteins cleave tRNAs during type III CRISPR immunity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Predicting an intrinsic conformational twist in Card1: an in silico study.Journal of molecular modeling · 2026Article
- The CRISPR ring nuclease Csx15 oligomerises on cyclic nucleotide binding to regulate antiviral defence.The Biochemical journal · 2026Article
- Mechanistic basis for selective Csm6-2 activation by cyclic penta-adenylate in a type III CRISPR-Cas system.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Systematic discovery of bacterial anti-phage systems through a protein domain-centric strategy.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Structural and functional insights into the adenosine deaminase of the type III-B CRISPR-Cas system.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Structural plasticity enables broad cAn binding and dual activation of CRISPR-associated ribonuclease Cdn1.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Recurrent acquisition of nuclease-protease pairs in antiviral immunity.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Sequential structural rearrangements at the PAM-distal site of a type I-F3 CRISPR-Cas effector enabling RNA-guided DNA transposition.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Comprehensive analysis of CRISPR array repeat mutations reveals subtype-specific patterns and links to spacer dynamics.microLife · 2026Article
- Manipulation of the nucleotide pool in human, bacterial and plant immunity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Structure and mechanism of the broad spectrum CRISPR-associated ring nuclease Crn4.Nature communications · 2025Article
- An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems including rare variants.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- The twist-and-squeeze activation of CARF-fused adenosine deaminase by cyclic oligoadenylates.The EMBO journal · 2025Article
- CARF-HAD phosphatase effectors provide immunity during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas response.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Cap1 forms a cyclic tetra-adenylate-induced membrane pore during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas immune response.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A viral SAVED protein with ring nuclease activity degrades the CRISPR second messenger cA4.The Biochemical journal · 2025Article
- Article
- YprA family helicases provide the missing link between diverse prokaryotic immune systems.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CRISPR-associated Rossmann Fold (CARF) and SMODS-associated and fused to various effector domains (SAVED) are key components of cyclic oligonucleotide-based antiphage signaling systems (CBASS) that sense cyclic oligonucleotides and transmit the signal to an effector inducing cell dormancy or death. Most of the CARFs are components of a CBASS built into type III CRISPR-Cas systems, where the CARF domain binds cyclic oligoA (cOA) synthesized by Cas10 polymerase-cyclase and allosterically activates the effector, typically a promiscuous ribonuclease. Additionally, this signaling pathway includes a ring nuclease, often also a CARF domain (either the sensor itself or a specialized enzyme) that cleaves cOA and mitigates dormancy or death induction. We present a comprehensive census of CARF and SAVED domains in bacteria and archaea, and their sequence- and structure-based classification. There are 10 major families of CARF domains and multiple smaller groups that differ in structural features, association with distinct effectors, and presence or absence of the ring nuclease activity. By comparative genome analysis, we predict specific functions of CARF and SAVED domains and partition the CARF domains into those with both sensor and ring nuclease functions, and sensor-only ones. Several families of ring nucleases functionally associated with sensor-only CARF domains are also predicted.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.