ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Interaction of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Neurovascular Unit.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 325 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
325 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 563 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Physical Exercise on High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation: Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Pooled it
- Acupuncture improves blood-brain barrier integrity through multi-targeted mechanisms: a preclinical meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Glial Markers of Suicidal Behavior in the Human Brain-A Systematic Review of Postmortem Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Central hypocretin/orexin administration alleviates sleep/wake disturbances, anhedonia, and neuroinflammation in an animal model of seasonal affective disorder.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal disarray of inflammatory microenvironment following spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- The neuroimmune-glutamate hypothesis of addiction.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Structure-Guided Optimization of CHI3L1 Modulators Reveals G721-0377 as a Lead Compound for Restoring Astrocyte Function in Alzheimer's Disease.ACS bio & med chem Au · 2026Article
- Astrocytes orchestrate neuroprotection and pathogenesis via bidirectional neuronal interactions in Parkinson's disease.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Review
- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Linking Mood Disorders, HPA Axis Dysregulation, and Neurocognitive Inflammation to Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Utility of the Recombinase Driver CX3CR1-ERT2 Rat Strain in Nicotine Self-Administration.Cells · 2026Article
- Intermittent theta-burst stimulation promotes neurovascular unit remodeling after ischemic stroke in a mouse model.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Prospective study on physical activity and Alzheimer's disease-related biomarkers.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Neurobehavioral Effects of Two Distinct Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in a Two-Week Chronic Stress Model in Zebrafish.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Membrane Proteins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Microglia-Mediated Vascular Network Remodeling After Ischemic Stroke: An Immunovascular Repair Framework.Cells · 2026Review
- Article
- The roles of microglia and astrocytes in inflammasomes and neurological disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Sonic Hedgehog-Gli1 signaling promotes microglial activation via the IKKβ/NF-κB pathway.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
265 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences neuroinflammation. Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), are activated by various brain insults. The local extracellular and intracellular signals determine their characteristics and switch of phenotypes. Microglia and astrocytes are activated into two polarization states: the pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1 and A1) and the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2 and A2). During neuroinflammation, induced by stroke or lipopolysaccharides, microglia are more sensitive to pathogens, or damage; they are thus initially activated into the M1 phenotype and produce common inflammatory signals such as IL-1 and TNF-α to trigger reactive astrocytes into the A1 phenotype. These inflammatory signals can be amplified not only by the self-feedback loop of microglial activation but also by the unique anatomy structure of astrocytes. As the pathology further progresses, resulting in local environmental changes, M1-like microglia switch to the M2 phenotype, and M2 crosstalk with A2. While astrocytes communicate simultaneously with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the function of neurons and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), their subtle changes may be identified and responded by astrocytes, and possibly transferred to microglia. Although both microglia and astrocytes have different functional characteristics, they can achieve immune "optimization" through their mutual communication and cooperation in the NVU and build a cascaded immune network of amplification.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.