Observational studyBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2020
Practice composition and sex differences in physician income: observational study.
Observational study in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- A 20-Year Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Gender Workforce in Medical Departments of Psychiatry/Psychotherapy and Neurology in Germany.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Women oncologists across 18 Latin American countries: A multinational survey of professional barriers, leadership, and pay equity.Dialogues in health · 2026Article
- Mediating Factors and Well-Being Differences by Gender Among Academic Physicians.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Proportion of Female Physicians in a Specialty and Median Annual Payments in Ontario, Canada.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Association Between Specialty-Specific Physician Salaries and Percentage of Women in the Workforce.Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges · 2025Article
- Gender composition in the work environment and physicians' income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments: evidence from longitudinal data.Human resources for health · 2024Article
- Gender income differences among general practitioners with compulsory services in early career stage in underdeveloped areas: evidence from a prospective cohort study in China.Human resources for health · 2024Article
- Physicians working with physician assistants and nurse practitioners: perceived effects on clinical practice.Health affairs scholar · 2024Article
- Feminization of the health workforce in China: exploring gendered composition from 2002 to 2020.Human resources for health · 2024Article
- Marriage, Children, and Sex-Based Differences in Physician Hours and Income.JAMA health forum · 2023Article
- Effects of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on the Compensation of New Primary Care Physicians.Medical care · 2022Article
- Gender Differences in Colonoscopy: Implications for Clinical Practice and Female Gastroenterologists.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2022Article
- Equal Pay for Equal Screening: Impact of Patient and Provider Gender on Reimbursement for Screening Colonoscopy.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2022Article
- Addressing Gender-Based Disparities in Earning Potential in Academic Medicine.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Female Physicians Earn An Estimated $2 Million Less Than Male Physicians Over A Simulated 40-Year Career.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2021Article
- Physician Compensation In Physician-Owned And Hospital-Owned Practices.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2021Article
- Women are underrepresented in major US sleep societies recognition awards.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess whether differences in income between male and female physicians vary according to the sex composition of physician practices.
designRetrospective observational study.
settingUS national survey of physician salaries, 2014-18.
participants18 802 physicians from 9848 group practices (categorized according to proportion of male physicians ≤50%, >50-75%, >75-90%, and >90%).
main outcome measuresSex differences in physician income in relation to the sex composition of physician practices after multivariable adjustment for physician specialty, years of experience, hours worked, measures of clinical workload, practice type, and geography.
resultsAmong 11 490 non-surgical specialists, the absolute adjusted sex difference in annual income (men versus women) was $36 604 (£29 663; €32 621) (95% confidence interval $24 903 to $48 306; 11.7% relative difference) for practices with 50% or less of male physicians compared with $91 669 ($56 587 to $126 571; 19.9% relative difference) for practices with at least 90% of male physicians (P=0.03 for difference). Similar findings were observed among surgical specialists (n=3483), with absolute adjusted sex difference in annual income of $46 503 ($42 198 to $135 205; 10.2% relative difference) for practices with 50% or less of male physicians compared with $149 460 ($86 040 to $212 880; 26.9% relative difference) for practices with at least 90% of male physicians (P=0.06 for difference). Among primary care physicians (n=3829), sex differences in income were not related to the proportion of male physicians in a practice.
conclusionsAmong both non-surgical and surgical specialists, sex differences in income were largest in practices with the highest proportion of male physicians, even after detailed adjustment for factors that might explain sex differences in income.
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